透過您的圖書館登入
IP:18.234.139.149
  • 學位論文

正念訓練對生氣反芻、錯誤記憶與攻擊行為之影響

The Influence of Mindfulness Practice on Anger Rumination, False Memory and Aggression

指導教授 : 葉理豪
若您是本文的作者,可授權文章由華藝線上圖書館中協助推廣。

摘要


主旨:台灣青少年的攻擊與犯罪問題有逐年提高的趨勢,為了要能降低青少年的攻擊行為,本研究分別以青少年受刑人(研究一)與大專生(研究二)為樣本,探討正念訓練對錯誤記憶、生氣反芻與攻擊行為所造成的影響與其作用機制。方法:本研究使用DRM派典與情緒系列圖片作為錯誤記憶的作業。DRM派典主要的操弄為字詞的情緒性,包含由暴力相關字詞所組成的負向情緒字詞與對照的中性情緒字詞。在學習階段中參與者會在電腦螢幕中,依序看見24個字詞列表,每個列表內有12個詞。之後進行字彙再認作業。情緒系列圖片則是由6個故事所組成,其中3個故事是負向情緒,3個故事是中性情緒,每個故事中共有5張圖片,共30張。參與者會在電腦螢幕中一次一張,依序看完30張圖片之後進行再認作業。正念特質、生氣反芻與攻擊行為則以自陳式量表進行資料蒐集。研究一中,本研究與桃園少年輔育院合作,選取30位高攻擊特質之院生,隨機分派至正念訓練組與控制組,最後的有效樣本共25人。兩組人會先於前測進行兩項錯誤記憶的作業,並填寫上述三份問卷,之後正念訓練組接受8週的正念訓練,控制組則維持少輔院原有的介入策略,8週之後兩組再進行接受後測。研究二以中原大學76位大學生為參與者,使用與研究一相同的錯誤記憶作業與問卷,但參與者不須接受正念訓練。結果:研究一結果顯示,實驗組參與者在接受正念訓練後,負向錯誤記憶與中性錯誤記憶之間的差異減少,但是生氣反芻和攻擊行為並沒有顯著下降。在正念特質方面,實驗組參與者的描述和不反應兩個向度略微提升,但不評價分量表的分數卻下降。研究二結果顯示,生氣反芻為正念特質和攻擊行為的完全中介變項;負向錯誤記憶則為生氣事後想法和身體攻擊的調節變項。討論:研究一結果顯示正念訓練提供一個保護機制,避免高攻擊特質個體的負向錯誤記憶上升,且正念訓練有提升的正念特質的傾向。此外,實驗組參與者經過正念訓練之後不評價分量表的分數顯著下降,可能的原因是因為正念訓練不斷強調不評價,使得初學者對評價這件事情更警覺而導致。研究二中發現正念特質可以視作降低攻擊行為的一個重要的保護因子,正念可以透過不同路徑降低個體的攻擊性,例如:當個體越能夠專注於當下,越能夠打斷生氣反芻的歷程,降低他們維持生氣情緒,進而減少攻擊行為。或著,因為高不評價特質的個體,負向錯誤記憶也越高,使他們對生氣事件的細節記得不清楚,因此即使不斷回想生氣事件,也不會增加攻擊行為出現的可能性。本研究最大的限制在於樣本人數太少,使得統計結果不易顯著或沒有辦法進行高階的統計分析,研究一中也可能因參與者的特質以及時間和空間的限制降低了正念訓練課程的質與量,而無法有效觀察到正念訓練對生氣反芻和攻擊行為的影響。再者,研究二無法複製部分過去的研究結果的可能原因是因為錯誤記憶的操弄與測量方法、或是參與者性別比例以及關注的攻擊行為類型不同所導致。因此,建議未來研究可以增加參與者人數、增加正念訓練的時間提高質與量,或是以大樣本的方式檢驗正念特質、生氣反芻、錯誤記憶與攻擊行為之間的關係或運作機制,並且將測量方式、性別差異或攻擊類型納入考慮。

並列摘要


Introduction: Aggressive behaviors and violence have become more and more common among adolescents in Taiwan. In order to reduce aggressive behaviors and violence in youth, juvenile inmates (study one) and college students (study two) were recruited to investigate the effects and mechanism of mindfulness-based training on false memory, anger rumination and aggression. Method: DRM paradigm and emotional scene memory task were used as false memory tasks. In DRM paradigm, both violence related emotionally negative words and neutral word lists were presented to participants during study phase. There are twenty-four word lists, half negative and half neutral, with six associates in each list. Immediately after study phase, participants were asked to make Old/New judgment on word items in test phase. In the emotional scene memory task, six episodes, three negative and three neutral, with five scenes of each were presented to participants one at a time. After viewing all , participant were asked to recognize details in each episode. Three self-reported questionnaires were used to measure trait mindfulness, anger rumination and aggression. In study one, thirty juvenile inmates from Taoyuan Juvenile Reform Schools were randomly assigned to mindfulness-based training (MBT) group and treatment as usual control (TAU) group. All participants were administered with two false memory tasks and three self-reported questionnaires in the pre-test and post-test. 76 college students from the Chung Yuan Christian University were recruited using the same false memory tasks and questionnaires as study one, but participants were not required to participate in the mindfulness-based training. Results: In study one, the statistical results showed that the difference between negative and neural false memories was reduced in the MBT group, but not in the TAU group. However, there was no significant decreases on the anger rumination and aggression. Regarding to trait mindfulness, the scores on "description" and "non-react" were increased while that on "non-judgmental" were decreased after training in the MBT group. In study two, the statistical result showed that the anger rumination was the complete mediator between trait mindfulness and aggression, and the negative false memory was the moderator of the angry thought and physical aggression. Discussion: The results of study one suggested that MBT can act as a protective factor to reduce the negative false memory of individuals with violence-related crimes. Additionally, the MBT seemed to improve their "description" and "non-react" components of trait mindfulness. The non-judgmental component was declined after MBT, one possible reason was that the deliberately instruction altered individuals to be more mindful of their judgmental thoughts instead of reducing them. The results of study two suggested individuals with high likelihood focusing on the present moment tend to reduce anger rumination, and thus reduce the aggressive behavior. Additionally, individuals with high anger rumination won't increase the likelihood of aggressive behaviors if they also have less clear perceptual details about their memories won likelihood of attack behavior.

並列關鍵字

mindfulness anger ruminaiton false memory aggression

參考文獻


徐喬涵(民100)。情緒內容對儲存程序的影響:資源配置與錯誤記憶的觀點(哪間學校的碩士論文)。取自台灣博碩士論文系統。
李皇謀、李玉琇(民100)。267個常見中文雙字詞的情緒評量與自由聯想常模。中華心理衛生學刊, 24(4),495 – 524。
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Singh Joy, S. D., Winton, A. S., Sabaawi, M., Wahler, R. G., & Singh, J. (2007). Adolescents with conduct disorder can be mindful of their aggressive behavior. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 15(1), 56-63.
黃鳳英、吳昌衛、釋惠敏、釋果暉、趙一平、戴志達(民104)。臺灣版五因素正念量表之信效度分析。測驗學刊,62(3),231– 260。
Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of general Psychology, 8(4), 291.

延伸閱讀