高社交焦慮者的解釋偏誤對未來思考的影響

The Influence of Interpretation Bias on Future Thinking in Individuals with High Social Anxiety

張承瑀(Cheng-Yu Chang)

指導教授 ： 梁記雯

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2017年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201700374

摘要

研究目的：社交焦慮症的認知病理模式(Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997)指出社交焦慮者在訊息處理的歷程中產生不同的認知偏誤。由於社交線索常常都是模糊不清或模稜兩可的，因此社交焦慮者在注意到這些潛在的威脅訊息後，常會將這些訊息解釋為負向或具有威脅性的，即為負向解釋偏誤，而造成個體在事件當下的焦慮增加，且影響到後續的認知處理。另外，過去研究亦指出社會焦慮者在想像未來可能發生的社交事件上傾向採取旁觀者觀點、評估自身相關的訊息量明顯高於外界環境，且較低社交焦慮者負向。上述這些未來思考的傾向，可能會影響到社交焦慮者逃避社交情境，或影響個體在真正進入情境時的表現。而根據認知病理模式與複合認知偏誤假說，不同的認知偏誤之間可能會相互影響，並且造成社交焦慮的惡化與維持，降低其中一種認知偏誤也可能連帶降低另一種認知偏誤，並改善其社交焦慮的嚴重程度。過去研究指出解釋偏誤會影響社交焦慮個體對社交事件的記憶，其未來思考則會受到記憶的影響。故本研究推論負向解釋偏誤會透過記憶來影響未來思考的形成，而修正高社交焦慮者的解釋偏誤，可以降低負向記憶偏誤，且進而改變其未來思考的特性。因此本研究的主要目的為，第一檢驗解釋偏誤修正程序(Interpretation modification)在解釋偏誤與社交焦慮上的效果，第二探討修正解釋偏誤對社交焦慮者在未來思考特性上的影響。

研究方法：本研究的參與者包含60位高社交焦慮大學生，並將參與者隨機分派至解釋偏誤修正組(IMP組)及解釋偏誤控制組(ICC組)，每組各30位。本研究以2週內進行4次的解釋偏誤修正程序來修正高社交焦慮者的解釋偏誤。參與者在解釋偏誤修正前、後分別完成BFNE、SIAS、SPS、STAI-Trait、BDI-II及IJQ等自陳式量表填寫，以及未來思考作業與想像未來想像未來事件的特徵之評估量尺。

研究結果：本研究發現解釋偏誤修正程序能有效增加高社交焦慮者的正向解釋偏誤，但解釋偏誤修正程序並未減少負向解釋偏誤。其次，並未發現IMP有明顯影響社交焦慮、特質焦慮及憂鬱程度。此外，相關分析結果發現社交焦慮者的社交焦慮程度越高、正向解釋偏誤越低以及負向解釋偏誤越高，在進行未來思考時對於想像事件的情緒也會越負向；然而，本研究結果卻顯示雖透過解釋偏誤修正程序增加正向解釋偏誤，但並未連帶改變未來思考特徵。
結論 解釋偏誤修正程序可以增加社交焦慮者的正向解釋偏誤傾向。另外，修正社交焦慮者的解釋偏誤並未影響他們的未來思考特徵。

關鍵字

社交焦慮 ； 複合認知偏誤假說 ； 解釋偏誤 ； 未來思考 ； 解釋偏誤修正程序

並列摘要

Objective: Cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety disorder indicate that high socially anxious individuals demonstrate several types of cognitive biases during information processing. Social information is often ambiguous, since social anxiety individuals detect these threatening information, they will interpret in a negative fashion. It might promote individuals’ anxiety, and affect later cognitive processing. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that highly socially anxious people have some biases on phenomenological characteristics when they imagine future event, such as more self-referential information, from an observer perspective and much more negative than low social anxiety individuals. These characteristics of future thinking could lead social anxiety individuals to avoid the social situation; or influence their performance in social situation. According to cognitive-behavioral models and combined cognitive biases hypothesis, congnitive biases have been assumed to operate simultaneously and (or) in succession and work together to maintain social anxiety disorders. Modifying one of the cognitive bias could impact the other cognitive bias, and influence the severity of social anxiety. The recent studies indicated that negative interpretation bias would influence memory of social event in socially anxious individuals, and future thinking was affected by memory. We supposed that negative interpretation bias would affect future thinking via memory. Modifying high social anxiety individuals negative interpretation bias might reduced negative memory bias and changed the characteristics of future thinking. The present study has two main purposes. First, to examine the effect of a computerized Interpretation Modification Program (IMP) on interpretation bias and social anxiety. Second, to investigate the influence of interpretation bias on future thinking in high socially anxious individuals.

Method: In this study, sixty high socially anxious undergraduate students were randomly assigned to IMP or a control group (ICC). Participants completed four sessions of IMP or ICC over two weeks. Participants were also required to complete preassessments and postassessments including BFNE, SIAS, SPS, STAI-Trait, BDI-II, IJQ, Future Thinking Task and MCQ.

Results: The results showed that IMP sussessfully increased participants’ benign interpretations but had no effect on negative interpretation bias. We failed to observe the effects of IMP on the degree of social anxiety, trait anxiety or depression. In addition, correlation analysis results indicate that higher social axiety level, more lack of benign interpretation bias and more ngative interpretation bias, high socially axious participants tended to envision more negative when they imagined future events. Nevertheless, our results showed that increased benign interpretation bias didn’t change the characteristics of future thinking.

Conclusions: The IMP successfully increased high soically anxious individual’s benign interpretations. Furthermore, modify social anxiety individual’s interpretation bias didn’t influence their characteristics of future thinking.

並列關鍵字

social anxiety ； combined cognitive biases hypothsis ； interpretation bias ； future thinking ； interpretation modification program

參考文獻

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