探討我國人口販運罪構成要件設計之妥當性 —從國際間防治組織犯罪及我國實務判決之視角觀察

An Review of the Law of Human Trafficking Crime－from the Perspective of International Policy and Taiwan's Court Decisions

上官涵怡(Han-Yi Shang Guan)

指導教授 ： 徐偉群

中原大學/商學院/財經法律研究所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201400472

摘要

在實務上，我國法官從事審判工作時，往往認為人口販運防制法第31條至第34條對於剝削犯罪的構成要件之法律定義不夠明確。為了解決部分法官之上述“質疑”，本文比較了聯合國人口販運議定書、美國TVPA、歐盟EU指令(21011/36/EU)，以及加拿大刑法第279.04條…等人口販運犯罪規定，並提出個人見解。
法官們所面臨的問題是─行為人可否基於剝削利用他人之目的，而經由任何形式的強制手段，使他人提供勞動或服務。本文認為符合國際標準的答案為「否」，因為吾人必須尊重法律保障下之個人自主權和平等原則。亦即人們所做出的決定和選擇，必須是基於自主意志，而不是受到任何不當外力之影響。防止脆弱的受害者被剝削之概念的主要核心是保護受害者的人權─個人自主權及平等原則。雖然在我國人口販運防制法以及兩個國際人權公約（ICCPR公約和ICESCR公約）施行法已經行之有年，但是台灣的法官和民間社會對於自由的概念仍有相當進步空間，亦尚非完全地尊重人權。
「人口販運罪」所指涉的「強制」手段，係以實現對人的剝削為目的之手段應用，而行為人所使用的心理強制方式可能是非常廣泛的。所以，當行為人經由任何形式的強制手段，使得他人提供勞動或服務，就是剝削(犯罪)。雖然其針對不法手段的定義是廣義的，但本文認為，若法官能具體考量行為人目的、手段、行為連動下的可非難性、社會相當性、利益衡量原則之實質違法性判斷，以及受害人的自決權，用以解釋人口販運罪的構成要件，則法官便可以做出正確的認定。另若將來有修法之時，本文中並附帶提供了修法建議。

關鍵字

人口販運、剝削、心理強制

並列摘要

Taiwan’s judges have doubts about the legal certainty of the constituent elements of Human Trafficking Prevention Act Section 31 to 34. To resolve their“doubts”, the crime of human trafficking of the U N Trafficking Protocol, the TVPA of the United States, EU Directive 21011/36/EU of the European Union,and Section 279.04 of the criminal code of Canada were brought into comparison as well as that the writer’s suggestions.
The question before judges is whether, consistent with the Human Trafficking Prevention Act ,that any person may exploit another one by means of any form of coercion ,to cause him or her to provide, or offer to provide labor or service .On a worldwide standard, the conclusion is negative, for people ought to respect the principles of individual autonomy and equality under law. In other words, people should base on their own initiative rather than any external force to make their decisions and choices.To prevent vulnerable victims from being exploited, the main core of the concept is to protect the victim’s human rights, the individual autonomy, and to maintain his or her equality. Although the government in Taiwan has implemented the Human Trafficking Prevention Act, and the other two international human rights conventions (ICCPR and ICESCR), but the judges and people do not fully respect for others’ human rights, and the concept of liberty here is still developing.
The application of coercive force adopts some kind of methods to achieve the purpose of human exploitation, the psychological coercion which is used by the perpetrator may be very extensive. Therefore, a person exploits another person, if a perpetrator causes he or she to provide, offer to provide labor or service by means of any form of coercion.The definitions of illegal means maybe broad;however only if the judges can construe the elements of human trafficking crime with throughout managing what the purpose of the perpetrators’ exploitation to others is, the perpetrators’ punish ability, legitimacy, the benefits balance, and the victim’s self-determination ,the judges are able to properly make the decisions. In case that the law is amended in the future, some amendments will also be brought here.

並列關鍵字

coercion ； human trafficking ； exploitation

參考文獻

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