老年族群自我建構、社會文化傾向與老年自我刻板印象形塑之研究—以臺灣與新加坡為例

本研究主要目的在探討華人社會老年群體之自我建構、社會文化傾向與老年自我刻板印象形塑三者間之關係。研究採取質、量混合研究方法之平行混合模式。質性研究部分之樣本共四個單位，包括17名臺灣與22名新加坡65歲以上居民，以焦點團體訪談方式蒐集資料，並以內容分析法之口語分析法進行資料分析。本研究之量化研究工具為研究者根據質性研究結果所發展之「自我老化覺知與文化價值情境問卷」，有效樣本臺灣為347，新加坡為289。本研究之質性研究發現包括：1. 華人社會之老年自我刻板印象内容包括「身體變化」、「心理社會失落」、與「心理成長」三大主題；2. 「儒家敬老觀」及「傳統家庭觀」影響華族老年自我刻板印象；3. 華人社會的自我建構有「外顯性和諧」、「内斂式強勢」、「積極進取」與「直接衝撞」四類形態；文化傾向則有「規範性控制」、「道德性教化」、「自由獨立」與「優勝劣敗」四種形態。量化研究發現包括：1. 性別、年齡、教育程度、主觀健康狀況對自我建構與老年自我刻板印象有一定影響，其中兩地之主觀健康狀況影響最爲顯著；2. 臺灣與新加坡都屬於雙文化自我建構，新加坡比臺灣更傾向相依自我建構，雖然兩地也都屬於雙文化社會，但都較傾向集體主義文化，雙文化程度越高越能形成正向老年自我刻板印象；3. 自我建構與文化傾向高度相關；4. 減少相依自我建構、增加個人主義文化能加強兩地整體老年人正向自我刻板印象。質、量整體部分包括：1. 老年人對健康狀況的關注重於一切；2. 華族老年女性的心理社會失落與老年、性別、低社經「三重風險」有關；3. 老年自我刻板印象較多正向，社會對老年人的觀感則較負面；4. 雙文化自我建構與雙文化社會環境能有效提升正向老年自我刻板印象；5. 本研究量化工具「自我老化覺知與文化價值情境問卷」能有效測量自我與文化價值，以及此兩者與老年自我刻板印象關係。本研究最後根據研究結果進行討論並提出建議以供未來研究、政策制定者、社區老年服務機構、老年心理健康實務工作者及老年群體參考。

關鍵字

華人文化；老年族群；自我建構；社會文化傾向；老年自我刻板印象

並列摘要

The purpose of this research is to explore the relationships between self-construal, social culture orientation and aging self-stereotypes shaping of the elderly population of Chinese societies. The research employed a parallel model of quantitative and qualitative mixed research method. 4 units of samples, 17 Taiwanese and 22 Singaporean citizens aged above 65 years were included in the part of qualitative research by way of focus group interview method to collect data which was then evaluated using Verbal Protocol content analysis. The “Self-Aging Perception and Cultural Values Scenario Questionnaire” (SAP, CVSQ) which was developed based on the qualitative research result, was used as quantitative research instrument. Valid samples gathered from Taiwan and Singapore are 347 and 289 respectively. The findings from the qualitative research include: 1. the self-aging stereotypes content of the Chinese societies consist three themes, naming “physical change”, “psychosocial loss”, and “Psychological growth”; 2. “Confucian respect for elderly values” and “tradition family values” affecting Chinese elderly’s self-stereotypes; 3. Chinese societies have four main forms of self-construal, namely “explicitness harmony”, ”introverted form of dominating”, ” aggressive diligence”, “directly collision”, and four main forms of culture tendencies, namely “normative control”, “moral enlightenment”, “liberty and independent”, and “survival of the fittest”. The findings from the quantitative research include: 1. Sex, age, education level, and especially the subjective health condition affecting self-construal and aging self-stereotypes; 2. Taiwan and Singapore are both bicultural self-construal, whereas Singapore is more interdependent self-construal than Taiwan. Although both countries are bicultural societies, they are also more inclined towards collectivist cultures. The higher the bicultural degree, the higher the positive self-aging stereotypes; 3. Self-construal is highly related to culture orientation; 4. Reducing interdependent self-construal and increase in individualism culture can enhance both countries’ positive self-aging stereotypes. The findings from both qualitative and quantitative research include: 1. Older people are concerned with their health conditions the most; 2. Chinese elderly women’s psychosocial loss is related to the “triple-risk” of their age, sex, and low socioeconomic status; 3. Older people have more positive self-aging stereotypes, but social aging stereotypes are more negative; 4. Bicultural self-construal and bicultural environment can effectively enhance the positive self-aging stereotypes. 5. The quantitative research instrument “Self-Aging Perception and Cultural Values Scenario Questionnaire” could effectively measure the self-construal and culture value, as well as the relationships between these two and self-aging stereotypes. The discussions and suggestions drawn from the conclusion of this study are aimed to aid in future related studies, and for policy makers, community organizations and mental health professionals providing elderly services as well as senior citizens.

並列關鍵字

Chinese culture ； elderly population ； self-construal ； social culture orientation ； self-aging stereotypes

參考文獻

Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230-244. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230

一. 中文部分