清代吏役的工食銀—以江西為例

清代地方衙門書吏、差役收取的規費問題，被視為造成地方吏治敗壞的主因之一。但事出必有因，從事情的根源來探討，書吏、差役本身生活是否有其困難？這些規費的收取是否被官方默允？書吏、差役是否全部皆因收取規費獲得生活改善？本文主要以江西的地方志、文集等作探討。第一章從法律下的限制、地方官員的管理、地方紳士的協助等，討論地方書吏、差役受到的規範。第二章從工食銀本身的變化，探討書吏、差役於生活及公務方面的影響。第三章從地方官員對於書吏、差役的捐助態度及觀感，和士人以至於在位者對書吏、差役的觀感，分析其觀感不同之處。最後，以一些書吏、差役的實際生活案例，呈現書吏、差役本身的自我期許，反思書吏、差役對於地方的助益和吏、役制度長存的原因。實際上，書吏、差役在生活及公務上，皆需要規費和地方官員的捐助，補足缺口。從史料中，發現有的書吏、差役因為職務而獲得生活改善，但是也有一些差役生活過得貧困，並沒有因為任職官府而獲得改善。對於書吏、差役的規範，也因為地方官員的態度不同而有所差異。透過史料，不能忽視的是，在諸多書吏、差役之中，有不同的差異性存在。

關鍵字

清代；書吏；差役；工食銀；吏治

並列摘要

Clerks and runners of the county yamen charge fee in Late Imperial, it was regarding as a major cause of place management to ruin. But we need to find the basic reason, why did clerks and runners need to charge fee? Did clerks and runners have difficulties in life? Did official acquiesce in clerks and runners to charge fee? Did clerks and runners improve their life through fee? According to accounts of officials and gentries in Jiangxi that research those questions. Chapter 1, to discuss clerks and runners were limited through judicial administration, county magistrates or gentries. Chapter 2, to discuss wage’s change effected clerks and runners in their life and work. Chapter 3, I discuss county magistrate’s attitude about clerks and runners. And to analyze different person’s attitude about clerks and runners, like county magistrate or gentry. Last, I show the accounts about clerks and runners find what their expected, think about their contribution and value to local society. In fact, clerks and runners need county magistrate offer money to help their life and work. According to accounts, some clerks and runners had improved their life through their work, but also had some people did not. We also can find that different county magistrate had different norm to clerks and runners in accounts. We can find many different cases in accounts that clerks and runners had diverseness.