國小高年級學生尊重與責任品德評量建構歷程之研究

薛慶友

指導教授 ： 李琪明博士

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/公民教育與活動領導學系/博士(2013年)

摘要

本研究旨在建構國小學生品德評量的深層理論基礎與具體實施方式，並透過多元評析與反思，以彰顯其教育價值與應用發展的可能性。研究者為達前述目的，分別透過文獻分析、焦點團體、量表發展與行動研究等，針對國小高年級學生尊重與責任品德，進行為期一學期的品德評量，最後又歷經理論回顧、專家學者意見徵詢、教師、家長與學生的問卷與訪談，以及研究者反思等多元評析，故得致主要結論如下：.
一、本研究之品德評量發展是立基「品德教育」與「班級評量」理念，包括符應德育原理、體現品德價值、營造道德社群、縝密計畫安排、融入日常生活、強化道德實踐、回歸班級情境、強調批判思辨、兼顧評量時機、運用多元方法、與呈現質量結果等特點。
二、本研究之品德評量實施涵括「計劃」、「實施」與「回饋」三個階段，並包含「確認品德評量目的」、「擬定品德評量目標」、「界定品德評量範圍與內容」、「決定品德評量時機」、「選擇品德評量方法與工具」、「蒐集、分析和紀錄品德評量資料」、「綜合與運用品德評量結果」，以及「提出品德評量報告」等八大彼此關連且完整之內涵。
三、本研究之品德評量實施前能做好親師生的溝通與師生評量程序的說明與認識；實施歷程則依學期初、學期間與學期末等三個階段不同重點接續進行。學期初評量旨在提供診斷性評量的基礎，蒐集有關學生品德發展的「初步」資料；學期間評量在於提供形成性評量的基礎，蒐集有關學生品德發展「變化情形」的資料；學期末評量在於提供總結性評量的基礎，蒐集有關學生品德發展「改變情形」的資料。
四、本研究之品德評量實施歷程的特色與優點能夠發揮「評量為學習」的諸多功效，包括檢視、反省、提醒、督促、改進、遷移、溝通等功能。
五、本研究之品德評量實施歷程的限制與不足，乃受到學生品德價值體認不夠、外力干擾（如家長體罰）、評量過程費時費力、學生行為問題處理不易、學生偏差行為改善有限、與內外部溝通（師生、親師或親子之間）仍待提升等因素影響所致。
六、本研究之品德評量未來持續推展之關鍵，包括：（一）評量參與者須體認品德評量本質，既是鉅觀（關注學生成長過程中的道德發展）亦是微觀（觀察學生在班級生活中的道德言行）的工程。（二）改變品德評量思維，導正以分數評價個人品德好壞的迷失。（三）樹立基層教師專業，改善過去為人詬病的品德評量做法。（四）檢討品德評量實施方式，如評量歷程能深化品德評量概念、建立清楚明確的評量行為準則等。（五）營造學校或班級成為道德社群，透過各式課程或活動推動品德教育。（六）尋求家長支持配合，協同參與品德評量的實施過程。
根據前述結論，研究者針對教育行政單位推動品德教育、教師進行品德評量，以及進一步研究分別提出若干建議。

關鍵字

品德 ； 品德評量 ； 品德教育 ； 班級評量

並列摘要

The purpose of this study is to construct the theoretical foundations and concrete useful methods for character or moral character assessment for elementary school students. It also attempts to through multiple-analysis and reflection to emphasize the educational value and developing applications. In order to achieve these goals, the study adopted literature review, focus groups, scale development, and action research to conduct one term’s character or moral character assessment on the respect and responsibility of fifth and sixth graders in elementary school. Finally, through the theory review, opinions from experts and scholars, interviews and questionnaires from teachers, parents, and students, and the reflections of the researcher were used to arrive at the following conclusions.
1.Development of character or moral character assessment is based on the ideals of “moral and character education” and “classroom assessment,” including conformity to moral education principles, moral and character values manifestation, moral communities construction, careful plan arrangements, incorporaiton into daily life, enhancement of moral practice, return to classroom context, emphasis on critical thinking, accommodation of assessment opportunities, usage of diverse methods, and presentation of qualitative and quantitative results.
2.Implementation of character or moral character assessment includes the three stages of “planning,” “implementation,” and “feedback,” including eight areas that are interconnected and complete, which are: “verify the purpose,” “establish the objectives,” “delineate the scope and content,” “determine times,” “select methods and tools,” “collect, analyze, and record data,” “integrate and apply results,” and “propose reports” on character or moral character assessment.
3.Before implementation of character or moral character assessment in this study, this study conducts communication among parents, teachers, and students, as well as explanations and understanding for the teacher-student evaluation procedures. The implementation process is conducted continuously at the three junctures of beginning of term, middle of term, and end of term. At the beginning of term, assessment seeks to provide a basis for diagnostic assessment, collecting the “preliminary” data on the development of students’ character or moral character. In the middle of term, assessment seeks to provide a basis for formative assessment, collecting data on “changing” in the development of students’ character or moral character. At the end of term, assessment seeks to provide a basis for summary assessment, collecting data on “changed” in the development of students’ character or moral character.
4.The features and advantages the implementation process of character or moral character assessment in this study were the realization of various benefits of “assessment as learning,” including functions such as evaluation, reflection, reminder, supervision, improvement, transference, and communication.
5.The limitations and shortcomings the implementation process of character or moral character assessment in this study were caused by students’ insufficient understanding of values in character or moral character, external interference (such as parental physical punishment), time- and energy-consuming assessment process, difficulty in dealing with behavioral problems of students, limited improvement on delinquent behavior of students, and internal and external communication (between teachers and students, parents and teachers, or parents and children) that still needs improvement.
6.The keys for continued future promotion in character or moral character assessment include: (1) participants must understand that the nature of character or moral character assessment is a macro (concern for the moral development of students in the development process) as well as micro (observation of moral speech and behavior in the campus life of students) task ; (2) change the consideration of character or moral character assessment, improve upon the shortcoming of using scores to evaluate personal character or moral character ; (3) establish professionalism of teachers, improve upon past character or moral character assessment methods that have drawn criticism; (4) evaluate implementation of character or moral character assessment, such as the assessment process can deepen the concept of character or moral character assessment and establish clear and definitive principles for assessment; (5) construct schools or classrooms into moral communities, promote moral and character education through various courses or activities; (6) seek support and accommodation from parents, jointly participate in the implementation process of character or moral character assessment.
Based on these conclusions, this study proposed several suggestions for educational administrative authorities in promoting moral and character education, for teachers conducting character or moral character assessment, as well as further research.

並列關鍵字

character or moral character ； character or moral character assessment ； moral and character education ； classroom assessment

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