國民中學校長政治模式領導策略之研究

Study on the Political Leadership Strategy of Junior High School Principals

李克難(Lee Ka-nan)

指導教授 ： 吳清基

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育學系/碩士(1999年)

摘要

國民中學校長政治模式領導策略之研究
摘 要
本研究之主要目的有四：（一）分析國民中學相關組織聯盟運作之現況；（二）分析國民中學校長面對學校內外相關組織聯盟衝突之因應方式；（三）探討國民中學校長運用政治模式領導策略之現況；（四）建議國民中學校長可運用之「政治模式領導策略」。
為達成上述目的，本研究編製「國民中學校長政治模式領導策略調查問卷」，以台灣本島台灣省二十縣市與台北、高雄二院轄市之國民中學校長為對象，抽取352所，實施抽樣調查，回收率 81.22%，可用率78.98%，所得資料加以統計分析。本研究另訪談台灣東、南、西、北部十位國民中學校長，更深入瞭解校長「政治模式領導策略」之運用。
綜合文獻探討、問卷調查與訪談資料，獲得以下研究發現：
一、全體國民中學校長認為家長會、教評會、學校行政組織、學校教學研究會、上級教育行政機關五種相關組織聯盟最為影響學校行政運作。
二、全體國民中學校長認為家長會、學校行政組織、學校教學研究會、教評會、上級教育行政機關最能提升學校效能。
三、學校行政組織、家長會與學校教師會運作順暢，對中大型國民中學發展有所助益。
四、全體國民中學校長認為相關組織聯盟發生衝突的五項主因為：爭取減少工作量、爭取學校資源利益、爭取參與權、家長施壓、反對行政人員擬定的計畫。
五、全體國民中學校長因應相關組織聯盟衝突的方式沒有差異，依序為：開放成員參與討論以提出解決的對策、引導衝突雙方討論共同的更高的利益、增加資源滿足成員需求、對衝突雙方採取安撫措施與調整衝突雙方的工作。
六、全體國民中學校長運用之政治模式領導策略依序為：設定議題與願景、建立人際網絡與聯盟、描繪政治版圖、掌握協商談判過程。
七、不同背景變項的國民中學校長運用「設定議題與願景」策略與「掌握協商談判過程」策略沒有顯著差異。
八、不同背景變項的國民中學校長運用「描繪政治版圖」策略，在性別上有顯著差異，年輕與年長女性國民中學校長在「描繪政治版圖」策略上的得分，明顯高於年輕與年長男性國民中學校長。
九、不同背景變項的國民中學校長運用「建立人際網絡與聯盟」策略，性別與年齡的交互作用顯著，性別的主要效果顯著，年長女性國民中學校長在「建立人際網絡與聯盟」策略的得分明顯高於年輕男性校長。
根據研究結論，對「國民中學校長政治模式領導策略」的運用提出下列建議：
一、對主管教育行政機關的建議：
（一）增辦國民中學校長專業成長教育與訓練。
（二）實施學校本位管理制度，由學校自主經營。
（三）應寬列國民中學教育經費改善學校教學環境，提供青少年最佳學習場域，發展民主政治知能。
（四）各級教育行政人員應扮演國民中學校長之教育與政治夥伴，以合作取代監管。
二、對國民中學校長的建議：
（一）掌握學校組織政治現況，以有效領導學校相關組織聯盟。
（二）廣泛採用政治模式領導策略，靈活運用「設定議題與願景」、「建立人際網絡與聯盟」、「描繪政治版圖」與「掌握協商談判」四面向策略。
（三）整合學校相關組織聯盟資源，以互惠互利原則，永續經營學校。
（四）瞭解學校衝突發生原因，妥善因應處理策略。
三、對國民中學相關組織聯盟的建議
（一）分工合作，以學生為教育主體，幫助其成長發展。
（二）在分歧處發現共同點，各組織在適當時機結盟。
（三）運用協商談判化解學校衝突分裂傷害。
（四）積極發展教育專業，積蓄組織能量，提升學校效能。

關鍵字

國民中學 ； 校長 ； 政治 ； 領導策略

並列摘要

Study on the Political Leadership Strategy of Junior High School Principals
by
Lee Ka-nan
Abstract
There are four major sections in this research: (1) analysis on the operational status of coalitions of junior high schools; (2) analysis on response actions adopted by junior high school principals in face of internal and external conflicts related to coalitions; (3) exploration of the status of political leadership strategy of junior high school principals; and (4) recommen- dations of practical political leadership strategies to junior high school principals.
A ‘Political Leadership Strategy of Junior High School Principal Questionnaire’ has been designed in the research and distributed to junior high school principals in 20 cities and counties and 2 municipalities (Taipei & Kaohsiung) in Taiwan for a questionnaire survey on the subject matter. 352 samples have been selected for sampling, the collection rate is 81.22%, valid rate is 78.98%. All collected data has undergone statistics and analysis. In this research, the author also interviewed 10 junior high school principals in eastern, southern, western and northern Taiwan to have a deeper understanding of their use of political leadership strategy.
Here is a description of the findings from the review of literature, questionnaire survey and interviews.
1.All high school principals consider that the PTA, teacher assessment committee, school administration organization, school education society, and superior education administration affect school administration most.
2.All high school principals consider that the PTA, teacher assessment committee, school administration organization, school education society, and superior education administration improve school efficiency most.
3.The operation of the school administration organization, PTA and teachers’ association are the smoothest, and they are helpful to the development of bigger junior high schools.
4.All junior high school principals consider that the 5 major causes of conflicts among coalitions in school are: struggle for workload reduction, struggle for school resources and benefits, struggle for right to participating, pressure from parents and objection to plans developed by administrators.
5.All junior high school principals adopt the similar responsive actions to settle conflicts among coalitions in school, these actions in order are : opening for member involvement and discussion to seek responsive actions; guidance of the conflicting parties to find out common and better benefits; increase of resources to satisfy the needs of members; consolation of the conflicting parties, and adjustment of the work of the conflicting parties.
6.The political leadership strategies adopted by junior high school principals in order are: agenda and vision setting, networking and building coalitions, mapping the political terrain, and grasp of bargaining and negotiation.
7.Junior high school principals of different backgrounds show no significant difference in the use of agenda and vision setting and grasp of bargaining and negotiation.
8.Junior high school principals of different backgrounds show significant differences in the use of mapping the political terrain. The scores of younger and order female principals are significantly higher than that of the younger and order male principals.
9.According to different ages and genders, junior high school principals of different backgrounds show significant differences in networking and building coalitions. The scores of older female principals are significantly higher than that of the younger male principals.
Here are the recommendations for the political leadership strategy of junior high school principals:
1. Recommendations for education authority:
(1) to give the junior high school principals more education and training of professional growth.
(2) to implement school-based management, to allow self-operation of schools;
(3) to allow a high budget for junior high schools to improve the education environment to provide the best learning environment for youth and to help them to develop the ability of politics; and
(4) to make education administrators educational and political partners of junior high school principals, instead of supervisors.
2. Recommendations for junior high school principals:
(1) to grasp the political status of school coalitions for an effective leadership of related coalitions in school;
(2) to make full use of political leadership strategies and flexible use of agenda and vision setting, networking and building coalitions, mapping the political terrain and grasp of bargaining and negotiation;
(3) to connect resources of related school coalitions to seek perpetual operations of school with reciprocity; and
(4) to understand the reasons of conflicts in school and to choose proper strategies.
3. Recommendations for junior high school coalitions
(1) to engage in division of labor and to make students the subject of education to help them grow and develop;
(2) to find out common points in diversity and to enter into coalitions at an appropriate time;
(3) to settle conflicts through bargaining and negotiation; and
(4) to aggressively develop the expertise of educational profession and to consolidate organizational energy to improve school efficiency.

並列關鍵字

junior high school ； princupal ； political ； leadership strategy

參考文獻

張明輝（民87）。 學校改革的研究內涵與學理基礎。 教育研究集刊。 台北：國立台灣師範大學教育學系。

秦夢群（民88）。 學校權力的重組：中小學教評會之研究。教育行政論壇第四次研討會會議手冊。 國立台灣師範大學教育學系。

張德銳（民79）。 國民中學教育行政人員角色衝突與角色不明確之研究。 新竹師院學報第4期。

王如哲、林明地、張志明、黃乃熒、楊振昇（民88）。 教育行政。 高雄：麗文文化事業股份有限公司。

林水波（民88）。 組織理論。 台北：智勝文化事業股份有限公司。