煙流對於老人福利機構火災避難逃生效率影響之個案探討

本研究方法採用數值模擬分析方法，使用火災模擬軟體(SMARTFIRE)建模，進行火場熱流及煙流分析。以桃園市龍潭區某老人福利機構作為案例，使用火災模擬軟體分析案例場所的火災延燒特性，包括檢討煙流下降時間，熱流影響避難逃生作業之時間，走道自然通風排煙效率，煙流動特性，逃生出口危險性比較。依據建築物防火避難安全性能驗證技術手冊經驗法則進行煙層下降時間計算，探討二種方法分析結果之差異，以判定是否符合消防署老人身心障礙演練驗證計畫所規範之各項界限時間。為能達到老人福利機構驗證界限時間要求，以本研究結果來看，場所防火區劃完整的話，可以利用關閉門，讓人員就地避難等待消防人員救援。自然通風狀態下可有效延長煙及熱下降時間。在火災發生當下將起火居室門關上，讓煙及熱侷限於居室內，可使逃生時間較能達到老人福利機構驗證界限時間要求。

關鍵字

老人福利機構； SMART FIRE ；濃煙；界限時間

並列摘要

This study analyzed the heat flow and smoke plume on fire scene with numerical simulation analysis and Fire Dynamics Simulator, SMART FIRE, for modeling. It examined the case of a senior citizens’ welfare institution in Longtan Township, Taoyuan City. Fire Dynamics Simulator was used to analyze the characteristics of fire spreading at the place, including reviewing the time of smoke plume descending, heat flow affecting the time of evacuation, the effectiveness of smoke extraction of natural ventilation in corridors, the smoke-flow characteristic, and the comparison of the danger of emergency exits. The time of smoke layer descending was calculated based on the rules of thumb of the “Guideline for Verifying the Evacuation in Building Fires,” and the difference between the analytical results of two methods was examined to verify whether the results met the time limits regulated by the verification program of the drill in welfare institutions for the elderly and disabled, which was designed by the Environmental Protection Administration. Based on the results of the study, in order to meet the requirement for the time limits of the verification of senior citizens’ welfare institutions, doors should be closed to let people find shelter in place and wait for rescue if the fire compartment at the place was complete. The time of heat and smoke descending could be extended effectively under natural ventilation. Closing the door of the living room on fire scene and confining the smoke and heat in the living room enabled the escape time to meet the requirement for the time limits of the verification of senior citizens’ welfare institutions more easily