資訊科技、知識資本、生產力與外溢：台灣製造業的實證研究

Information Technology, Knowledge Capital and Productivity with Spillovers: Evidence from Taiwanese Manufacturing Firms

劉定焜(Ting-Kun Liu)

指導教授 ： 陳忠榮

國立中央大學/管理學院/產業經濟研究所/博士(2006年)

摘要

在知識經濟下的動態環境中，企業要設法從激烈的競爭環境中保持優勢並設法脫穎而出。根據新興古典學派的理論，持續維持企業長期技術進步的成長，為企業致勝的重要關鍵。如新的生產技術、新的投入要素或其他專業領域知識等創新投入的引進，均會使得均衡的市場結構產生變化 (Geroski and Pomroy 1990; 陳忠榮等人 2000)。1990年代後，台灣製造業面臨了基層勞力不足、科技人才缺乏、土地取得不易與環保意識高漲的困境，為維持競爭優勢，一些廠商開始進行產業外移，將重心移至東南亞國家與中國大陸，而留在台灣的產業則積極尋求技術與產業升級。然而，國際經濟局勢變動與日遽增，資訊科技 (information technology, IT)的進展亦一日千里，加上網路 (Internet) 與電子商務 (e-commerce) 應用普及化的推波助瀾下，全球的經營環境丕變。此刻，應用網際網路與電子化技術的能力，成為現今廠商所面臨的最主要機會與挑戰 (Kambil 1995).
第二章探討資訊科技 (IT) 投資是否造成所謂的Solow生產力矛盾。除一般性敘述的Cobb-Douglas生產函數外，納入了IT對勞動生產力強化效果的考量。因此，本章運用semiparametric smooth coefficient estimation，進行模型的設定與估計。利用1991年台灣製造業的廠商別資料，實證結果顯示IT投資的確對生產力有正且顯著的影響，台灣製造業在生產上呈現規模報酬遞增的型態。此外，IT對勞動生產力具有顯著的外溢效果，特別是大型與IT深化程度較高的廠商。
第三章則建構1999-2002年台灣製造業的廠商別panel data，探討R&D與電子商務投資對資本生產力與勞動生產力的影響。除運用non-neutral生產函數外，並加入了外溢與網路外部性的考量。運用GMM的實證估計結果顯示：R&D與電子商務對生產力而言具有互補性的關係；根據cross-effects的估計知識資本與勞動投入呈替代關係，而與傳統實質資本呈互補關係；同時我們發現R&D與電子商務對生產力具有正且顯著的影響；產業間的電子商務網路外部性對生產力的貢獻，則顯著優於其他投入。
第四章採用seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model探討電子化與自動化技術採用間的替代或互補關係。並進一步分析，電子化與自動化技術採用以及多元技術採用關係對生產力的影響。實證結果顯示，電子化與自動化技術的採用具有
互補性關係。廠商有較大的規模、較高的生產力與從事較多的創新活動，採用多元技術的機率越高。在產業間網路外部性為正且顯著的估計結果下，我們認為廠商採用電子化技術是源自於相關產業間的競合關係使然。此外，採用多元技術對廠商的生產力提升具有極大影響，特別是高科技產業或是大型廠商。

關鍵字

資訊科技 ； 知識資本 ； 外溢 ； 生產力

並列摘要

In the dynamic environment of a knowledge-based economy, the global economic environment is changing rapidly. According to the theory of neoclassic school, preserving continued growth of technological progression is the essential key to success of a firm. For example, adoption of a new production technology, new inputs, and other knowledge factors, would change the equilibrium of market structure (Geroski and Pomroy, 1990; Chen, et al., 2000). In the 1990s, Taiwanese manufacturing firms faced a dilemma in that they lacked basic-level labor and technological human capital, and had difficulty-acquiring land as a result of heightened environmental protection awareness. In order to hold their competitive advantage, some industries began to emigrate their businesses from Taiwan to Southeast Asia and Mainland China, and other industries still staying in Taiwan sought to upgrade their technology and industry. In particular, the progress in information technology (IT) and the ongoing application and diffusion of Internet and e-commerce. Therefore, the ability to apply the Internet and electronic technology has become the major opportunity and challenge facing firms (Kambil, 1995).
Therefore, we first explore the issue of whether information technology (IT) investment brings about the Solow productivity paradox. This chapter considers, aside from the general specification of the Cobb-Douglas production function, the impact of augmented labor productivity through IT by applying semiparametric smooth coefficient estimation on the idea that the impact on the total factor productivity (TFP) may not be neutral. Therefore, a generalized semiparametric production function is used to appraise the impact of IT on TFP in general and on labor productivity in particular. Employing the manufacturing firm-level data of Taiwan in 1991, the empirical results show that IT investment provides a significant contribution to productivity and the observed production in the Taiwanese manufacturing firms is
shown to be increasing return to scale. Besides, IT has a significant spillover impact on the labor productivity, particularly for larger and more IT deepening firms.
In Chapter 3 we use a newly constructed panel dataset by Taiwanese manufacturing firms during 1999-2002 to investigate the impact of R&D and e-commerce investments with spillovers and network externalities on capital productivity and labor productivity by applying a non-neutral production function. The empirical results of the system GMM (generalized method of moments) show that: (1) e-commerce and R&D capital tend to have a complementary relationship with respect to productivity; (2) according to cross-effects knowledge capital is the substitute for labor, conversely, knowledge capital is the complement of capital, (3) both e-commerce and R&D capital have a positive impact on productivity; and (4) inter-industry e-commerce network externalities contribute more significantly to productivity than the others do.
In Chapter 4, we investigate the substitute/complementary relationship between the adoption of electronic and automatic technology, by applying the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model to Taiwanese manufacturing industry during 1999-2002. Furthermore, we detect the impact of the adoption of electronic, automatic technology and their interaction on productivity, with the observations of firms’ adoption decisions in following split data: small, medium, and large; high-tech, and traditional firms. Empirical results show that the decisions of electronic and automatic technology adoption tend to have complementary relationship. The firms with larger size, higher productivity and more innovative activities are more apt to adopt multiple technologies. With the outcomes of significantly positive sign of intra-industry network externalities, we argue that firms adopt electronic technology just due to the increasing competitor pressure or cooperation requirement from related industry. As a result, the adoption of multiple technologies has a great influence on firms’ productivity improvement, particularly to that of high-tech and larger firms.

並列關鍵字

information technology ； knowledge capital ； productivity ； spillovers

參考文獻

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