毛澤東與劉少奇的合作與衝突(1937-1968)

The Cooperation and Conflict of Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi(1937-1968)

蔡美卿(Mei-ching Tasi)

指導教授 ： 齊茂吉

國立中央大學/文學院/歷史研究所碩士在職專班/碩士(2011年)

摘要

毛澤東與劉少奇之間的合作長達30多年，兩人從相識到成為親密的戰友，再由親密的戰友到產生分歧以致於決裂，之間歷經了許多分分合合。在中共長征結束後，兩人有了進一步的接觸，毛因為劉長期在白區發展，及劉長於理論之分析而選中了劉為其合作的夥伴，兩人並聯手成功的對抗王明等留蘇的幹部。劉成為毛的最佳助手，七大毛獲得了他夢寐以求的最高權力，而劉則坐上了中共第二把交椅，毛、劉的合作在七大開花結果。中共建政前後毛澤東與劉少奇在「新民主主義社會」及相關問題的理解與實踐產生第一次的分歧，從而讓毛對劉產生不滿，甚至想要劉「挪挪位子」。因此，毛對外也刻意營造拉高岡、抑劉少奇的氣氛，因而讓高岡產生了取劉代之的想法與行動。最後劉則藉著認錯自我批評，藉以重新獲得毛的信賴，因而讓兩人再重新回到政治合作的軌道。但兩人關係已經轉變為毛尊劉卑，劉甚至是唯毛是從。所以接下來劉僅追著毛澤東，表現在支持反冒進，及支持毛發起導致中國大災難的「大躍進」，甚至是廬山會議上對於彭德懷的批判。也因為一路以來劉的「唯毛是從」，讓兩人的分歧在一定程度上得到彌合。因此，劉少奇成為毛澤東之後順位第一的接班人。但「三面紅旗」給中國經濟造成了嚴重的惡果，劉期望藉由採取大刀闊斧的措施來制止惡化的情勢、盡快走出谷底，因而讓劉少奇在七千人大會對重大問題的看法與毛澤東產生了公開的分歧。隨著分歧的加深，再加上劉少奇在領導四清運動時，讓毛澤東覺得自己的權威受到了挑戰，所以毛為了維護自己最高的權利，就必須藉助於全國人民對毛澤東本人的「個人崇拜」，以清除劉少奇等人的勢力。最後，毛澤東就在文化大革命打垮了劉少奇。

關鍵字

四清運動 ； 七千人大會 ； 毛澤東 ； 劉少奇 ； 高饒事件

並列摘要

Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi had been working together for more than thirty years. They cooperated as well as clashed many times during this period. First, they became friends, then close comrades, and eventually enemies, due to their divergence on opinion. After the Long March, Mao became more familiar with Liu. Because Liu had been leading communist movements in the “white area” (the Kuomintang-controlled area) and was good at making theoretical analyses, Mao chose Liu as his partner. Through cooperation, they successfully defeated Wang Ming and other communist leaders who used to study in Russia. Liu thus became Mao’s right-hand man. In the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Mao’s his supreme power was consolidated. His dream came true; Liu also become the number two man in the Communist Party. The cooperation of Mao and Liu had finally born rich fruit. However, during the establishment of the communist rule, Mao and Liu encountered their first conflict on the understanding and implementation of the New Democratic Revolution. Since then, Mao had been dissatisfied with Liu, he even wanted Liu to “give place to other person”. In public, Mao tried to draw Gao Gang to his side and belittle Liu. Therefore, Gao started to take action to replace Liu. Later, by admitting his own mistakes and self-criticizing, Liu regained Mao’s trust. Liu and Mao restarted their political cooperation. However, since then, in their relationship, Liu became more inferior to Mao. Liu even became completely submissive to Mao. Afterwards, Liu did nothing but agreed with Mao on the Anti-rash advance policy, the Great Leap Forward, which led to a catastrophe in China, and even the criticism on Peng Dehuai in the Lushan Meeting. Due to Liu’s total obedience, his conflict with Mao was alleviated. As a result, Liu remained Mao’s designated successor. However, at that time, the Three Red Banners had brought about severe damages to China’s economy. Liu hoped to take bold and daring steps to prevent further deterioration and help the economy to recover from the bottom. Later, on the Seven thousand men''s assembly, Liu and Mao had different views on some major issues. As time went by, their divergence widened. While Liu was leading the Four Cleanups Movement, Mao felt that his authority was threatened by Liu. Hence, in order to solidify his power, Mao resorted to his own personality cult to eliminate Liu’s power. Eventually, Mao beat Liu in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

並列關鍵字

Mao Zedong ； the Gao Gang and Rao Shushi Incident ； the Seven Thousand Men''s Assembly ； the Four Cleanups Movement ； Liu Shaoqi

參考文獻

鍾延麟，〈劉少奇與鄧小平關係之研究(1952-1966)〉，《政大歷史學報》，期34(2003年11月)，頁114-162。

齊茂吉，〈毛澤東整肅林彪事件新探〉，《兩岸發展史研究》，期5(2008年6月)，頁224。

洛厄爾‧迪特默 (Lowell Dittmer) 著，蕭耀先等譯，《劉少奇》。北京：華夏出版社，1989年。

David Bachman, Bureaucracy, Economy, and Leadership in China: the Institutional Origins of the Great Leap Forward (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 93-95.

Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics at Mao’s Court: Gao Gang and Party Factionalism in the Early 1950s(New York: M. E. Sharp,1990),p. 20.59.111.