中文摘要 隨著社會型態快速變遷,「少子化現象」儼然成為世界各先進國家必然的趨勢,從經建會95年至140年人口推計報告中顯示,臺灣未來總人口成長率將在2018年之後,將由正成長轉為負成長,也將加速臺灣的人口老化問題,此為「少子化」現象之後,另一波不可避免的趨勢。以筆者從事軍職工作多年,未來的兵力來源短缺,若無法採取積極有效的對策,恐將影響國家安全與總體政經發展,因此,如何因應未來少子高齡化社會的挑戰,實乃現今台灣政府當局與社會刻不容緩的重要議題。 「少子化現象」其範圍涉及政治、經濟、社會、文化等各方面,其主要原因不外是現代青年男女晚婚與不婚觀念的形成,育齡婦女生育態度及教養子女價值觀的改變,生兒育女的經濟負擔沉重,養育兒女資源與支持性環境不足,但對養兒防老的期待已明顯降低,進而降低生育子女的動機。而長久以來沒有完善的人口政策,致使過去家庭計畫成功的推動,人口成長獲得一定的管控,加上近年來經濟環境不佳,造成生養子女條件變差,多數人選擇不婚或不生主義,使得台灣少子化問題日趨嚴重。國家安全涵蓋層面甚廣,其中以國防安全為首要。而國防安全所要達成的目標是面對傳統與非傳統軍事武力威脅,必須具有足夠的自我防衛能力和全民團結的意志,以確保國土安全。 國軍基於保障國土安全與人民福祉的職責,不僅面對外來的軍事威脅,平時亦應擔負「重大災害防救」的任務。2009年在88水患中投入的救援工作深獲國人肯定,國軍並已積極規劃在既有的部隊兵力下,組成具有立即反應、防災制變能力的部隊,一旦國家遭遇重大災害時,能立即迅速投入救援,無論是國土防衛、兵役制度改革、緊急救災、精粹案推動等等,一切任務所需,均需依賴足夠的兵力來源,在人力上若無法獲取「質與量」的提升,一切將淪為空談,更將對國家安全帶來莫大之危害。
The Impact of the Phenomenon of Low Birth Rate on National Security Abstract With the rapid changes in our society, the phenomenon of low birth rate apparently becomes the unavoidable tendency in all the advanced countries in the world. According to the report on the estimated population from 2006 to 2141 by the Council for Economic Planning and Development, the growth rate of the total population in Taiwan will downturn from positive growth into negative recession. The tendency will become unavoidable after the phenomenon of low birth-rate. Being engaged in military service for many years, the researcher intuitively considers this problem as the serious impact on the source of soldiers in the future. Without the positive and effective solutions, the overall political and economic development and competitive power of the nation will be affected and threatened. Therefore, how to deal with the challenge from the society of fewer young people and more aged people in the future is indeed the critical issue that the Taiwan Government should pay attention to. The phenomenon of fewer kids is related to all aspects such as politics, economy, social issues, and cultural differences. The researcher finds that the main causes are as follows: the formation of thoughts that unmarried people are unwilling to get married; the declining percentage of couples’ getting married; the switch in attitudes toward giving birth and educating kids; the dilemma faced by career women in taking care of both job and family affairs; the financial burden of breeding and educating kids; and the insufficient resources and less supportive surroundings provided for breeding and educating kids. The expectation that raising kids is the feedback guaranty in the future is obviously collapsed and decreases the motivation to give birth to babies. With the deficient policy about managing the problem and the promotion of family plans in the past, the growth of the population in Taiwan is controlled and kept still. However, due to the recent economic recession, many people in Taiwan resort to either remaining single or raising no kids so that the situation of low birth rate goes from bad to worse. For one thing, within all the important aspects concerned with national security, the national military defense is the most crucial. The goal of national military defense is to be armed with enough self-defending ability and people’s will to unite together to ensure the national security when faced with enemies’ military threats. For another thing, as for the untraditional threats, the authority concerned should empower with swift, smart, and punctual ability to react and manage crises. Based on the responsibility of protecting national security and people’s welfare, the army should not only fight the outside military threats but also take the task of disaster relief procedures if necessary. As for the 88 flood disaster in 2009, the army was praised a lot by citizens for relieving victims. The Ministry of Military plans to form an army with both instant reactive ability and disaster relief power. To sum up, all th tasks such as national security, innovation of military service system, disaster relief procedures, and “Fine Purity Program”, needs a great amount of soldiers. If there is no promotion in the number of people to take the tasks, these tasks will be in vain.
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