超級馬拉松參與者心理堅韌性之內涵與形成歷程

The Content and Forming Process of Mental Toughness among Ultra Marathon Participants

葉家菱(Jia-Lin Yeh)

指導教授 ： 曾沈連魁

國立中正大學/教育學院/運動與休閒教育研究所/碩士(2014年)

摘要

本研究目的在了解超級馬拉松參與者心理堅韌性之內涵與形成歷程。本研究採質性研究方式，以立意取樣方式選取11位具超級馬拉松達3次以上參賽經驗的參與者。以半結構式訪談、參與觀察及文件分析蒐集資料，所得資料以開放性編碼、主軸編碼及選擇性編碼，持續歸納、比較及分析。結果發現超級馬拉松參與者的心理堅韌性包括參與動機、自我控制、自信心、壓力因應、高專注、積極思考等。參與動機包含自我實現、求勝意志；自我控制包含積極自律、飲食控管、生活品質、自我調整；自信心包含建設自信、高自信、流暢經驗；壓力因應包含運用心理技巧、忍受傷痛、高復原力、生理放鬆、因應技巧；高專注包含身體專注、不受外界影響、控制思想；積極思考包含樂觀、享受樂趣。超級馬拉松參與者的心理堅韌性形成歷程分為體驗期、成長期、傷痛期、恢復期、穩定期。本研究發現心理堅韌性是經長期發展而來的。心理堅韌性之形成歷程由過去單純、好勝心轉化為成熟、樂觀。超級馬拉松高強度心理堅韌性分別為：自我實現、高自信、積極思考、高復原力、不受外界干擾、享受等面向。自我實現為擁有為達成挑戰無法滿足的內在動機；高自信為相信自己、肯定自己的高度自我信念；積極思考為正向且樂觀的觀念。高復原力為生理及失敗因應的恢復能力高。不受外界干擾為在壓力中依然穩定自我。享受為享受賽事的樂趣、享受孤獨的感受。本研究釐清超級馬拉松參與者心理堅韌性的內涵與形成歷程的概念，將有助於超級馬拉松參與者比賽成績表現提供研究與實務準則之參考。

關鍵字

心智訓練 ； 自信心 ； 意志力 ； 競賽心理 ； 長跑

並列摘要

The purpose of this study was to explore the content of mental toughness and its formation process of ultra marathon participants. This study adopted qualitative method by using purposive sampling to select 11 ultra marathon runners with more than 3 experiences of the competition. By utilizing semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis for information gathering, the information were induced, compared and analyzed by open coding, axial coding and selective coding. It is discovered in the results that the mental toughness of the ultra marathon runners includes motivation, self-control, confidence, pressure response, high focus, positive thinking, etc. In terms of the motivation, it includes self-realization and willingness to win; in terms of self-control, it includes positive discipline, diet control, quality of life and self-adjustment; in terms of confidence, it includes self-confidence, high self-confidence, and smooth experience. In terms of pressure response, it includes utilizing psychological techniques to help endure pain, high resilience, physiological relaxation and coping skills; in terms of high focus, it includes focus on the body, free from outside influence and controlled thought; in terms of positive thinking, it includes optimism and fun. The formation process of the mental toughness of the ultra marathon runners can be classified as the periods of experience, growth, pain, recovery and stability. It is discovered from this study that mental toughness is developed after a long period of time. The formation process is the transformation from a simple willingness to win to maturity and positivism. The mental toughness of the ultra marathon runners can be classified as: self-realization, high self-confidence, positive thinking, high resilience, free from outside interference and enjoyment. Self-realization is to have the inner motivation which cannot just be satisfied by accomplishing challenges; high self-confidence is a high degree of self-belief and self-approval. Positive thinking consists of positive and optimistic concepts. High resilience is the high ability in response to physiological and failure recovery. Not being interfered from outside is the maintenance of oneself under pressure. Enjoyment is to enjoy the fun and the loneliness of the competition. In this study, the content of the metal toughness and its formation process of ultra marathon runners were clarified, which might be a reference for further research and practicality for ultra marathon runners’ performance.

並列關鍵字

willpower ； race mentality ； long-distance running ； confidence ； mental training

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