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  • 學位論文

無法容忍不確定與過度尋求再保證對憂慮的影響

The Effects of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Excessive Reassurance Seeking on Worry

指導教授 : 鄧閔鴻
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摘要


本研究主要討論無法容忍不確定性 (Intolerance of uncertainty, IU) ,與過度尋求再保證 (Excessive reassurance seeking) 對憂慮的影響。根據憂慮的理論模型,無法容忍不確定性與過度尋求再保證兩者,皆與憂慮的持續有關。本研究目的為驗證先前的理論架構,並藉由前驅研究進行威脅相關尋求再保證量表 (Threat-related Reassurance Seeking Scale, TRSS) 中文化翻譯,再於正式研究中,探討無法容忍不確定性與過度尋求再保證兩者對憂慮的影響。在本研究的前驅研究階段,共招募127位大學生參與者,男性人數為42人,女性人數為85人。而正式研究分為量表施測階段與接受憂慮引發作業階段。其中,在量表施測階段招募116位大學生參與者,男性人數為25人,女性人數為91人;參與者需填寫賓州憂慮量表 (Penn State Worry Questionnaire, PSWQ) 、無法忍受不確定性量表 (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, IUS) ,與威脅相關尋求再保證量表 (Threat-related Reassurance Seeking Scale, TRSS)。而參與者於各量表上的平均得分,將進行相關分析探討無法容忍不確定性、過度尋求再保證兩者,與憂慮之間的關係;亦進行多元迴歸分析,以探討無法容忍不確定性,與過度尋求再保證的交互作用,是否可以顯著預測憂慮程度。而後,在接受憂慮引發作業階段,係先依參與者於量表施測階段的IUS量表的得分四分位數,分為高無法忍受不確定組 (IUS得分前25%,男性人數5人,女性人數22人) 與低無法忍受不確定組 (IUS得分後25%,男性人數6人,女性人數22人) 。二組受試者都需要接受憂慮引發作業 (worry induction task),並且在接受憂慮引發作業前、後,填寫自陳式量表 (包括:正負向情緒量表 (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS) 、情境與特質量表 (Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI) 的情境焦慮分量表 (STAI-S) ,以及擔心狀態量表) ,以評估情緒引發程度。本研究有幾項發現,首先在前驅研究階段,信度分析結果顯示,威脅相關尋求再保證量表中文版仍有良好的內部一致性 (α = 0.87) ,且經由探索性因素分析,中文版量表亦與過去研究相符,具有兩個因子結構。而後,在正式研究量表施測階段的相關與迴歸分析結果顯示,無法容忍不確定與過度尋求再保證兩者皆可顯著預測憂慮。然而,過度尋求再保證在無法容忍不確定導致或維持憂慮路徑中,不具調節效果。最後,接受憂慮引發作業前,高無法容忍不確定性組參與者的狀態焦慮,與狀態憂慮,都顯著高於低無法容忍不確定性組;而在經過憂慮引發作業後的狀態焦慮顯著高於情緒引發前;且正向情感、負向情感、與狀態焦慮得分,具二階交互作用效果 (前、後兩時間點與高、低兩組別) 。其中在正向情感上,高、低無法容忍不確定性受試者在接受情緒操弄後,其正向情緒都顯著降低。在負向情感上,高、低無法容忍不確定性受試者在接受情緒操弄後,其負向情感未有顯著改變。在狀態焦慮上,高無法容忍不確定性受試者在接受情緒操弄後,其狀態焦慮顯著上升。而於討論中,將根據本研究結果,嘗試探討對無法容忍不確定性、過度尋求再保證對憂慮的影響,以及討論本研究的限制與未來研究方向。

並列摘要


In this study, we tried to explore the influences of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and excessive reassurance seeking on worry.According to the theoretical model of worry, intolerance of uncertainty and excessive reassurance seeking are two important factors, which would develop and maintain worry. The first purpose of the study was to verify the previous model, and translate the threat-related reassurance seeking scale (TRSS) into Chinese version. The second purpose of the study was trying to explore the influences of intolerance of uncertainty and excessive reassurance seeking on worry. Participants in this study were all university students. Pilot study included 127 participants (42 males and 85 females). There were two stages in the formal study, including questionnaire survey stage and accepting worry induction task stage. Questionnaire survey stage included 116 participants (25 males and 91 females), and participants had to fill out Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), and Threat-related Reassurance Seeking Scale (TRSS). Correlation analysis and multiple regression were used to analyze data. In accepting worry induction task stage, the participants were divided into high (5 males and 22 females) and low (6 males and 22females) intolerance of uncertainty groups based on the quartile of IUS. Both two groups of the participants needed to accept worry induction task, and fill out questionnaires two times (before and after the task). The questionnaires included Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), and Worry State Questionnaire. There were some findings: (1) In the pilot study, the results showed that Chinese version Threat-related Reassurance Seeking Scale still has excellent internal consistency (α = 0.87) and construction validity. (2) In the questionnaire survey stage, the results showed that intolerance of uncertainty and excessive reassurance seeking could be used to predict worry significantly. However, excessive reassurance seeking might not play a moderator between intolerance of uncertainty and worry. (3) In accepting worry induction task stage, high IU group’s anxiety state and worry state scores were significantly higher than low IU group’s scores. After worry induction task high IU group’s anxiety state score was significantly higher than beforehand. In addition, the interaction between time and groups was significant in positive affect score, negative affect score, and anxiety state score. That is to say, high and low IU groups’ positive affect were significantly lower after accepting worry induction task. High and low IU groups’ negative affect were not significantly changed after accepting worry induction task. Also, high IU group’s anxiety state was significantly increased after accepting worry induction task, and it was significantly higher than low IU group’s after the induction task. According to the results, we explored the influences of intolerance of uncertainty and excessive reassurance seeking on worry, and discussed study limitations and research directions in the future.

參考文獻


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鄧閔鴻、張素凰 (2006)。廣泛性焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患共病現象的階層病理模式。中華心理學刊, 48(2),203-218。
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