墾丁地區港口馬兜鈴族群分布及黃裳鳳蝶產卵偏好

Population Distribution of Aristolochia zollingeriana and Oviposition Preference of Troides aeacus formasanus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the Kenting Area, Taiwan

謝桂禎(Hsieh Kuei-Jen)

指導教授 ： 郭耀綸

國立屏東科技大學/農學院/熱帶農業暨國際合作系所/博士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2011.00003

摘要

港口馬兜鈴（Aristolochia zollingeriana）為台灣野外瀕臨絶滅的藤本植物，黃裳鳳蝶（Troides aeacus formosanus）則是台灣特有亞種保育類昆蟲，墾丁地區是此兩物種主要的天然分布地，在此區港口馬兜鈴是黃裳鳳蝶幼蟲的主要食草。本研究自2004年2月至2007年6月，於墾丁國家公園內進行調查，共發現122株野生港口馬兜鈴成株，這些植株或散生或呈小群聚生長於以隆起珊瑚礁地形為主的環境，族群結構以地莖直徑1~2 cm者居多（65%），所攀附之林木平均高度4.1 ± 1.8 m。將港口馬兜鈴生育的環境分為林冠鬱閉和林冠破空兩類，發現前者有較多的植株（62%），地莖直徑大於1 cm者多生於林冠鬱閉生育地，小於1 cm者則相反。生長在林冠破空生育地的港口馬兜鈴植株較易遭受自然或人為傷害。林冠鬱閉生育地發生港口馬兜鈴小苗的樣區數也顯著高於林冠破空生育地。調查期間有96%的港口馬兜鈴植株被鳳蝶類產卵及啃食利用，其中黃裳鳳蝶、紅紋鳳蝶（Pachliopta aristolochiae interpositus）及大紅紋鳳蝶（Byasa polyeuctes termessus）對本植物的利用率分別為71、79及5%。黃裳鳳蝶偏好利用林冠鬱閉生育地的港口馬兜鈴，而紅紋鳳蝶卻偏好利用林冠破空生育地的植株。
在黃裳鳳蝶產卵偏好方面，調查發現於83處潛在可利用的食草棲地中，有70%被此蝶實際利用，林冠鬱閉棲地被利用的比例顯著高於林冠開放處。生長至森林上層的大型食草被母蝶利用的比例也較高。研究期間共標定此蝶101組卵群，共計1,078個卵。母蝶偏好在生長至森林上層且葉片較多的食草，以及林冠開放的馬路林緣棲地產下較大的卵群。在不同卵群中，幼蟲存活率平均為5.7%，最高可達40%。幼蟲存活率較高的食草，是生長至森林上層，且葉片豐量較高的植株。就棲地類型而言，母蝶產下較大卵群的馬路林緣棲地，其幼蟲存活率並未顯著高於其他類型的棲地。整體而言，食草港口馬兜鈴在森林中的垂直分層及葉片豐量，是影響黃裳鳳蝶產卵偏好及幼蟲存活率最重要的因子。
關鍵詞：港口馬兜鈴、黃裳鳳蝶、利用、產卵棲地選擇、產卵偏好、幼蟲存活。

關鍵字

港口馬兜鈴 ； 黃裳鳳蝶 ； 利用 ； 產卵棲地選擇 ； 產卵偏好 ； 幼蟲存活

並列摘要

Aristolochia zollingeriana Miq. was recently listed as endangered in nature, and Troides aeacus formosanus (Rothschild) is an endemic protected insect occurring in Taiwan, where it is mainly distributed in the Kenting region. Aristolochia zollingeriana is the main host plant for T. aeacus formosanus larvae in the Kenting region. Between the period of February 2004 and June 2007, field work was conducted within Kenting National Park. In total, 122 individual vines were discovered at the study sites, most of which were found scattered or in clusters on uplifted coral reef terrain. Most (65%) of the stem bases of the vines were 1~2 cm in diameter. The average height of trees onto which A. zollingeriana affixed itself for upward climbing was 4.1 ± 1.8 m. The habitats where the vines were found were either under closed or open canopies. Most of the vines were found in closed-canopy habitats (62%), particularly those with a diameter of the stem base of ＞ 1 cm. On the contrary, the majority of vines with a diameter of the stem base of ＜ 1 cm were found in open- canopy habitats. Vines growing in the open-canopy habitats were found to be more susceptible to damage inflicted by nature or humans. Seedling numbers detected in the closed-canopy habitats were significantly higher than those in the open-canopy habitats. About 96% of the plants were found to be exploited for oviposition or feeding by 3 papilionid butterflies during the study period. The rates of exploitation by T. aeacus formosanus, Pachliopta aristolochiae interpositus Fruhstorfer, and Byasa polyeuctes termessus Fruhstorfer were 71, 79, and 5%, respectively. Troides aeacus formosanus showed a preference for closed-canopy habitats, compared to P. aristolochiae interpositus, which preferred open-canopy habitats.
For oviposition preference of T. aeacus formosanus, we identified 83 host plants of which 70% were utilized by T. aeacus formosanus. Habitats under a closed canopy were more frequently utilized by the females than those under an open canopy. Larger host plants growing in the upper level of the forest also had a higher female utilization rate. During the field study, 101 egg batches were identified with a total of 1,078 eggs. We found that females preferred to lay larger egg batch sizes on host plants with more leaves, host plants growing at the upper stratification of the forest and host plants by the road edge under open canopy. Among egg batches, larval survival rate averaged 5.7% and peaked at 40%. We found that host plants that were growing in the upper level of the forest and with greater leaf abundances hosted egg batches with greater larval survival rates. As for habitat types, although females laid more eggs by the road under open canopy, their larvae did not have higher survival rates than larvae in other habitat types. Ultimately, vertical stratification and leaf abundance of A. zollingeriana were the most important factors influencing female oviposition preference and larval survival rates.
Key words: Aristolochia zollingeriana, Troides aeacus formosanus, exploitation, oviposition site selection, oviposition preference, larval survival.

並列關鍵字

Aristolochia zollingeriana ； Troides aeacus formosanus ； exploitation ； oviposition site selection ； oviposition preference ； larval survival

參考文獻

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