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  • 學位論文

階級意識形態影響設計哲理產生變化的方式與意義

A Discussion on the Influences of Class Consciousness in the Design Philosophy

指導教授 : 諸葛正
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摘要


設計人工物是源自於人類(使用者)因應生活中各項使用上的需求所產生,由此可見設計此一領域的歷史脈絡發展,不免會涉及到社會中的經濟、文化價值塑造,並且相互影響。本研究所探討的階級意識,事實上已長久駐在人類社會文明與設計行為的發展史中,並持續影響著後世造物者(設計者)的設計思維。 因此本研究從人類社會階級意識形成思考為出發點,解析人類從事設計行為中所內含與外顯的階級意識形態意涵,無論是明顯外放,還是深入潛藏的表現方法。而許多從事設計的工作者,由於多半受社會價值觀同化影響不自覺,或者是有意製造出內含階級意識形態的設計人工物。所以,實際還原並檢討其影響範圍與程度,判斷其對設計哲學思考與設計行為的發展有何重大影響關鍵,以反思這些影響對設計者的設計思維之影響力,便成為本研究的發展重點所在。 根基於此,本研究期望透過各類文獻分析,實際檢視設計者所產出的各式設計人工物背後,所隱含的階級意識形態,並從裝飾與功能兩個截然不同的設計思維導向,作為本研究解析的主要脈絡。探討從古至今各式設計人工物中的階級差異化的呈現手法,以進一步反思階級差異化設計手法對人類社會的影響範圍與程度。主要有以下三點目的: 1.探討設計學(設計人工物)與社會學(階級意識)間類似思想的關連性與交集引用可能性,以為後續發展奠定基礎。 2.蒐集彙整各式設計人工物案例,分門別類按設計領域常用的分類法則,區分出裝飾與功能等類別,進而分析其在階級意識形態上的差異程度與影響範圍,以思考人類設計行為背後所隱含階級意識形態的影響力與重要性。 3.從上述案例的彙整中,進一步解析提示設計教育哲學未來發展的可能性。 至於本研究的成果則為: 1.從古至今人類刻意形塑階級產物的思維動機,在過去是基於統治者方便管理百姓與展現地位區隔所使用的一種手法。並利用民眾對天神的崇敬心態,將虛擬神格的思維元素,設計套用在自己身上,使大眾遵循於此。而類似作法至近代,則逐漸轉向為商人謀取利益,與滿足消費者炫耀性的心理需求所產出的結果。 2.設計者刻意製造階級差異化的用意,主要仍源自於上層社會階級人士的思維操控影響。上層階級透過各式設計手法,形塑出各式含有貴族意識表徵的設計產物,來滿足人類的虛榮心。加上畢竟下層社會階級人士的財務運用能力有限,所以還是只有少數上層社會階級人士得以使用較高層次的設計物,而下層社會階級人士終其一生,大概只能停留於仿效與追求類似於貴族物質享受的設計五使用階段。而這些憧憬都成為上層社會階級人士得以持續支配下層社會階級人士的最好手段。而設計師在這整個過程中,則是扮演起協助形塑階級差異的角色扮演,不管是有意還是無意。 3.人類形塑這些階級產物,不外乎就是刻意(當然也有無意的可能性)要在人類身上貼上無形標籤,讓社會階級化的結果更加明顯。在整個上層社會階級人士使用產物的形塑過程中,可以發現通常造物者會利用過去對上層社會階級既有的刻版印象繼續加以仿製,基本上這也是最容易提高設計品身分地位的基本技巧。 4.設計者接受僱主要求從事設計產出,並盡力滿足雇主的需求,通常上層社會階級人士的設計物擁有慾較強,也較花的起大錢去要求更為高貴的設計物(同時代表著昂貴)。所以在無形中設計者自然也會去思考,如何去滿足這類要求為其重要設計發展上的目標。只不過這仍無法掩蓋的是設計者事實上,仍是助長社會階級意識形成的一個重要助力來源。 5.設計的未來發展上,若是能夠創造出大眾都可適用,不在受限於資本、政治家所創造出來的價值觀,或許也是個遠大的終極目標。至於目前,是否可以在執行設計行為的同時,也能稍加思索這類問題,以培養出正向的設計道德觀,而不單只是汲汲營營地以利潤為目的,或許便可以舒緩這類思維情緒的影響力。 6.反思目前設計教育的課程規劃,似乎重新思考這類意識形態的灌輸方法,就是增加相關課程,以鼓勵學生多去思索這類議題。在目前既有的設計史課程就是讓學生回歸設計本質的基礎課程,若是能再多增加階級意識設計哲理這類課程的授課討論比重,或許是更可以引發學生(未來的設計師)進行自省的極佳方法。 關鍵字:階級、設計思維、設計哲理、設計史、設計文化

並列摘要


Artifact designing is originated from humans’ invention in order to confront with ways of living, thus it can be seen in history of specific subjects, however it would effect upon the future of social economy and expression of cultures. According to this research, the class consciousness, is consciousness of one’s social class or economic rank in society, which is defined as a category of people having a common relation to the means of production, in fact, has already implemented to human civilizations and social behaviors for centuries, but also continually influence on the designers’ design thinking of the following generation. This research is where to start from analyzing in the form of class consciousness, and then explain how these kinds of behavior or method can affect the result of representations. Most of people working in designing, didn’t realize that these actions and concepts are one of the important factors on artifact designing. Accordingly, this topic has become part and parcel to discuss how important the designer’s creation can be influenced by their consciousness imaginations and behaviors. The depiction of this research, collected from the reviews of productions and articles which created by the designers, to extract the resources and details from the designing, moreover, it tells the difference between adornment and functionality, furthermore, this research will also explain how the designer’s creation for each self environment can be influenced by some particular form of class consciousness, and the coverage of influences on human society. There are three purposes as follows: 1.Explore their similar thoughts’ quoting possibility on association and the intersection between designing (artifact designing) and sociology (class consciousness), thus it will be a good base for future developing. 2. Collect and classify different cases of artifact designing, distinguish adornment and functionality forms and so on using the popular category principle in the designing field, and then analyze their ranges of difference and effects on class consciousness, thus to measure the power of influence and the importance of class consciousness hidden in humans’ designing. 3. According to the classified cases above, further analysis and clues are given about the possibilities of future development on design education and philosophy. These are the results of this research: 1. Humans always intend to mold the class product down the ages. It was a kind of thinking motivation commonly used to rule the populace or to display their status by rulers in the past. They made use of people’s respect on godliness, redesigned the thinking way of the virtual godliness for the use of their own and then talked the mass into obeying this. This has been used for merchants to gain benefits, as well as for consumers to satisfy their showy psychology nowadays. 2. Designers who make class differentiation are affected by the mind control of the upper class. The upper class makes products with identification of nobility through various designing skills to satisfy humans’ vanity. As the lower class has limited financial ability, the designed products with higher quality will only be used by the upper class. Thus for a lifetime the lower class can only stay in the using stage of Design 5 to live after the noble’s material comfort. This longingness is used as the best way by the upper class to govern continuously the lower class. Purposely or by accident, designers help to build up class differentiation in the whole process. 3. Human beings create class to attach intangible labels to themselves on purpose (it’s possible to do it by accident), intensifying the result of social classification. In the creation of goods used by the upper class, the producers are inclined to copy the existing inflexible images of the upper class, because it’s a basic skill to raise the status of the design product most easily. 4. The designers create as required by the clients. Usually people from upper class are more possessive for design works, and they have enough money for noble designs (meaning being expensive at the same time). To satisfy their demands becomes imperceptibly the most development goal for designers. But actually, the designers are still the key source of developing class consciousness. 5. It may become a big and extreme goal to create designs applicable for the masses without being limited by capital or value made by politicians. If designers can think about this kind of questions during creation to have a correct moral value of design, not only seeking for profits, they may weaken the effects from the idea of class division. 6. For present curriculum plan in design education, it seems that the way of driving people to rethink about the kind of ideology is to add related courses for encouraging students to ponder the issue. The existing course of design history is a basic introduction of designing essence. To lead students (future designers) to introspect, it would be better to add teaching and discussing about the design philosophy based on class consciousness. Key words: class; design thinking; design philosophy; design history; design culture

參考文獻


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