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運動員心理技能量表之編製

The Development of the Athletic Psychoogical Skills Inventory

摘要


本研究的目的在於:1.編製具有良好信、效度及適合我國運動員使用的心理技能量表。2.以驗證性因素分析考驗量表的適合度。3.探討國內優秀及一般運動員心理技能上的差異情形。 整個編製過程分為下列四個階段:1.依據 Smith et al. ( 1995 ) ACSI-28 量表的理論架構為編製藍本,並參考國內外有關運動員心理技能研究,勾勒出量表初步因素有動機、壓力處理、逆境調適、專注、自信心、可教導性等六個。2.預試以台北體育學院 210 名多種運動選手為研究對象,採探索性因素分析進行初步量表的信、效度考驗。3.正式施測以336名來自體育學院之競技系、校內各種運動代表隊與左訓中心國家培訓隊選手為預試後修訂量表的研究對象,採驗證性因素分析(LISREL8.30版)考驗量表假設性測量模式與各分量表的構面是否適配。4.以獨立樣本t考驗比較優秀及一般運動員心理技能差異情形。發現結果如下: 一、運動員心理技能量表概念包括「壓力處理與逆境調適」、「動機」、「可教導性」、「專注」、「自信心」等五個分量表,有31道題目,累積解釋總變異量為58.438%。各因素Cronbach α介於.75~.88,總量表Cronbach α為.96,顯示本量表具有良好的建構效度與信度。 二、正式施測之驗證性因素分析顯示五個分量表分別代表五個不同的潛在變項,修改後的量表模式適合度良好、具有良好的建構效度(χ2( 411 )=734.71,χ2/df=1.79, RMSEA=0.049, RMR=0.059, GFI=0.87, AGFI=0.84, CFI=0.92, NNFI=0.91)。 三、優秀及一般運動員在本量表各分量的得分差異情形均達顯著,優秀運動員的得分均顯著高於一般運動員。 本研究所編製的心理技能量表具有良好的效度與信度,可提供國內研究者診斷運動員心理技能之用,亦可參考用來評估訓練前後運動員心理技能程度的差異。未來對於運動員心理技能的研究,可考慮建立常模以做為相關研究的參照標準,及繼續對其他不同對象進行研究。

並列摘要


The purpose of this study was three-fold. First, to develop a reliable and valid inventory to assess athletic psychological skills in Taiwan. Second, to examine the goodness of fit of Athletic Psychological Skills Inventory (APSI) by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Third, to examine the differences of psychological skills among elite athletes and non-elite athletes. In phase one, the preliminary conceptual basis for athletic psychological skills was referred from ACSI-28 (Smith et al.., 1995 )and other literatures. The preliminary APSI contains 62 items with six subscales: Motivation, Peaking under pressure, Coping with adversity, Concentration, Confidence, and Coachability. In phase two, two hundred and ten college athletes were recruited to complete APSI. The exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha were used to examine the validity and reliability of the preliminary APSI. In phase three, 336 college athletes were recruited to fill out the APSI. The confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the goodness-of-fit of the hypothetical measurement model. The results of this study indicated that: 1.The final vision of APSI contains 31 items with five subscales (Motivation, Peaking under pressure and Coping with adversity, Concentration, Confidence, Coachability). The results of EFA revealed acceptable reliability and construct validity. The Cronbach α coefficient was moderately acceptable with value from .75 to .88.2. The results of CFA indicated that modified model of APSI fitted the data (χ2(411) =734.71, χ2/df= 1.79, RMSEA= 0.049, RMR=0.059, GFI=0.87, AGFI=0.84, CFI=0.92, NNFI=0.91)。 3. The differences of psychological skills among elite athletes and non-elite athletes were found. Specifically, elite athletes scored higher on each subscale of APSI than non-elite athletes. The APSI has shown as a valid and reliable instrument to assess and diagnosis athletes' psychological skills in Taiwan Moreover, this inventory can also serve as an instrument to evaluate the effect of psychological skills training. Regarding the suggestions for the future studies, it is important to establish a norm for the APSI. In addition, examining the usage of APSI by different age and competitive level group is also needed.

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