法語語者華語聲調習得之偏誤分析－從聲學觀點談起

An Analysis on the Errors of the French Speakers in Learning the Chinese Tones Based on the Concept of Acoustics

廖淑慧(Shu-Hui Liao) ； 廖南雁(Nan-Yan Liao)

《應華學報》 8期 (2010/12) Pp. 195-217

https://doi.org/10.6391/JAC.201012.0195

摘要

本文的研究透過聽覺感知與發音朗讀二部份的分析，觀察10名以法文為母語的學習者在華語聲調習得方面的偏誤。研究對象包括7名法籍與3名比利時籍學生，6名女性、4名男性，華語程度為5名初中級、4名初高級、1名中級。研究結果顯示，法文母語者普遍較無法掌握第二聲(tone2)與第三聲(tone3)，這個現象同時出現在聽覺感知與發音朗讀兩方面，且與其華語程度關係不大。由於人們是透過聽覺感知語音來接收訊息，說話者對聲調的感知不清楚甚至錯誤，將影響他們聲調發音的正確性，此即聲調研究必須結合聽覺感知與朗讀分析的原因。本文以語音聽辨做為聽覺感知的實驗方法，採60個包含四聲的單音節詞語與64組四聲調組合的雙音節詞語，由研究對象進行聽辨，發現第三聲錯誤的比例最高，其次是第二聲，其中將第三聲聽成第二聲的類型，佔了第三聲錯誤總數的91%，這種錯誤類型也出現在雙音節詞語的聽辨上（包括上聲變調的誤判）。在發音朗讀方面，錄下研究對象包含60個單音節詞語與96組雙音節詞語的語音檔，利用PRAAT軟體進行語音分析，發現法文母語者普遍有調閾過窄的情形，其第三聲曲拱弧度不夠明顯，第二聲上升高度不夠高，容易與其弧度不明顯的第三聲發音接近，這個現象可以與其聽辨測試中二、三聲混淆的情形互相印證，具體看出法文母語者在聲調方面的偏誤現象。

關鍵字

法語語者 ； 聲調 ； 範疇感知 ； 基頻

並列摘要

This research studies the errors of ten students whose mother tongue is French in learning the Chinese tones through the analysis on aural perception arid oral reading. The subjects of tile study are seven French students arid three Belgian students, six females and four males. Their proficiency in Chinese are: five from the low-intermediate level, four from the low-advanced level, and one from the intermediate level. The study shows that the French speakers in general cannot master tone 2 and tone 3. This problem is found in both aural perception and oral reading, and it is not related to the speakers' proficiency in Chinese. Human beings receive information through the aural perception, and the unclear or the wrong perception of the tones from the speakers will influence the result of uttering the tones. This is why the research of the tones must combine the aural perception and the oral reading. This research applies the listening comprehension test, which includes sixty single-syllable words from four tones and sixty four two-syllable words combined with four tones. In this listening comprehension test, the percentage of the mistakes on tone 3 is the highest, while tone 2 is the second highest. Among these mistakes, recognizing tone 3 as tone 2 contains 91% of the overall mistakes of tone 3. Such mistake also appears in the listening comprehension of the two-syllable words (including the mistakes of tone 3 sandhi). In pronunciation and oral reading, the recordings of the subjects reading 60 single-syllable words and 96 two-syllable words are analyzed by PRAAT software. The analysis shows that the speakers whose mother tongue is French have the problem of a narrow tone range. Their contour of tone 3 is not obvious enough, while they do not rise high enough for tone 2, which sounds too close to tone 3 with an unobvious contour. This problem is also proved in mistaking tone 2 and tone 3 in the listening comprehension test. This clearly shows the errors of the speakers whose mother tongue is French in learning tones.

並列關鍵字

French speakers ； tones ； categorical perception ； pitch