法律的圖像：一種人文主義的分析與詮釋

The Picture of Law: A Humanistic Analysis and Interpretation

莊世同(Shih-Tung Chuang)

《臺大法學論叢》 40卷4期 (2011/12) Pp. 1995-2035

https://doi.org/10.6199/NTULJ.2011.40.04.01

摘要

文藝復興藝術巨擘拉斐爾竭力完成的法學主題壁畫「三德像」，帶有復甦希臘羅馬古典法律思想的強烈企圖，強調人、法律、自然皆共享相同的理性本質，人唯有充分發展其內在理性品行，追求德行上的完善卓越，方能建立良善的法律規範，故而展現一種以人為中心的「人文主義法學思想」。相較於此，當代主流法律思潮─特別是分析法哲學理論，不僅認為人類德行的卓越追求與法律本質的探索無關，同時更將法律視為某種獨立存在的實體，認為人只是從觀察者或參與者的觀點去探求法律本質，進而形成以法律為中心的「法律主義法學思想」。分析法哲學的發展進程，主要環繞在「法律是什麼」這個中心問題的討論上，以致形成法實證主義與反法實證主義的理論爭辯。然而，在雙方法理論激烈對峙的背後，其實共享一個共同思想基礎─將法律視為某種獨立客體（社會事實或道德價值）、將法律置於人類規範秩序中樞地位的法律主義思想。本文認為，拉斐爾以擬人畫的傑出藝術手法，在其法學三德像中呈現法律應有的七大德目，即堅毅、慈愛、節制、信仰、明智、希望以及正義，適足以對應當代法哲學理論關懷的三個不同法律面向，那就是權威性、規範性與正當性。循此，本文以三德像為藍本，逐一審視奧斯丁、拉茲、哈特與德沃金的法理論，透過對於三德像所作的分析與詮釋來探討這些理論著重的法律面向，進而梳理其背後隱含的人文思想意涵。

關鍵字

法學三德像 ； 人文主義法學思想 ； 法律主義法學思想 ； 法律的權威性 ； 法律的規範性 ； 法律的正當性

並列摘要

Raffaello Santi, the great artist in the era of the Renaissance, endeavored to complete his renowned fresco ”The Cardinal and Theological Virtues” with a strong attempt to revive the classical legal thoughts of Greek and Rome. For Raffaello, human beings share a common rational character with Law and Nature. They can establish a good legal system only if they fully develop their intrinsic rational nature and pursue the moral excellence of human virtues. In this way, the fresco apparently reveals a human-centered, humanistic legal thought. By contrast, contemporary mainstream legal thoughts not only deny any connection between the moral excellence of human virtues and the investigation of the nature of law, but also see the law as some independent entity whose nature can only be surveyed from an observer's or a participant's point of view. As such, contemporary legal scholarships are inclined to a law-centered, legalistic legal thought. The development of analytical legal philosophy mainly revolves around the debate on the central issue 'what is law', which gives rise to the antinomy of legal positivism and anti-legal positivism. Nevertheless, behind this antinomy lies a common intellectual foundation, namely, the legalistic legal thought that characterizes law as an independent object (social fact or moral value) and as the pivotal case in normative human orders. Accordingly, in light of Raffaello's brilliant artistic expression of personification, this essay attempts to argue that the seven virtues (fortitude, charity, temperance, faith, prudence, hope, and justice) presented in the fresco are aptly correspondent to the three different aspects of law, that is, the authoritativeness of law, the normativity of law, and the legitimacy of law. Through the critical reflection on the legal theories of John Austin, Joseph Raz, H.L.A. Hart, and Ronald Dworkin, the essay tries to analyze and interpret the humanistic implication in these aspects of law.

並列關鍵字

Cardinal and Theological Virtues ； humanistic legal thought ； legalistic legal thought ； authoritativeness of law ； normativity of law ； legitimacy of law

參考文獻

莊世同(2005)。人文精神、守法意識與法治教育。政治與社會哲學評論。15，89-130。

莊世同(2005)。論人文精神與法理學教育。政治與社會哲學評論。12，59-94。

莊世同(2002)。法律的規範性與法律的接受。政治與社會哲學評論。1，43-84。

謝世民(2002)。政治權力、政治權威與政治義務。政治與社會哲學評論。1，1-41。

Vantican Museums (2011). Room of the Segnatura (1508-1511). Retrieved May 09, 2011, from http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/SDR/SDR_03_SalaSegn.html