Over the last three decades, much progress has been made in the treatment effect literature. In this article, we review the identification and estimation results of average treatment effects based on inverse probability weighting under the unconfoundedness assumption. We also discuss similar identification and estimation results of local average treatment effects when treatment assignment is endogenous but a binary instrumental variable is available. We then introduce a test for the unconfoundedness assumption and summarize some recent developments in the treatment effect literature. Finally, we point out some future research directions.