天然災害後環境衛生實務

Environmental Health Practices for post-disaster

林嘉明(Jia-Ming Lin)

《中華公共衛生雜誌》 19卷2期 (2000/04) Pp. 144-158

https://doi.org/10.6288/CJPH2000-19-02-09

摘要

目標；集集大地震為台灣帶來百年罕見的大災難，此天然災害中斷平日建立的環境衛生保護網，為避免災後環境衛生的惡化，落實環境衛生實務是當務之急，亦是國家規劃未來防災計畫的重要課題，故欲對當前及未來提出實用性的建議，作為決策者及現場工作者，為解決災後環境衛生問題方便參考之用。方法：本報告收集曾經受災國家的經驗以及台灣921集集大地震之後數度進出災區之見聞，對於可能遭遇的環境衛生問題提出討論及應對措施。結果與結論：這些措施包括災前的準備及災後人口遷徙及／或人口臨時集中收容所的下列環境衛生措施：給水、廢棄物處理包括水肥處理、固體廢棄物處理等；收容所之雜項衛生措施，包括沐浴、洗衣、消毒及除蟲等；災區受難者之衛生教育原則等，這些側重傳統鄉村環境衛生的做法，亦然可以適用於都市受災後的情況。此外，都市受災後特有的環境衛生問題如建築物頹廢物的清理、臨時廁所、公共給水系統的恢復，則可同時借鏡於近代曾出現大規模天災的都市經驗如阪神地震經驗之防災計畫。

關鍵字

天然災害 ； 收容收 ； 收給水 ； 收廢棄物處理 ； 收消毒及除蟲

並列摘要

Objectives: The destructive Chichi earthquake in Taiwan obliterated the environmental health protective network which people were used to. In order to avoid degradation of environmental health in the stricken area and to prepare for future natural disasters, it has become urgent and important to discuss and fulfil environmental health practices. Thus, this report is intended to suggest some practical measures to counter post-disaster disorder in environmental health, for use by decision-makers and field workers as references. Methods: Upon reviewing the experiences of countries suffering repeated disasters and the information coming from the massive 21 Sept. 1999 Chichi earthquake in Taiwan (at 7.3 on the Richter scale), potential post-disaster problems in environmental health and practical countermeasures are discussed. Results and Conclusions: In addition to pre-disaster preparation, required practices for shelters and/or for the informal camping areas after disaster include water supply, waste disposal for garbage as well as nightsoil, laundries, disinfection and disifestation, and health education. Although most of these practical measures employ the principles for rural environmental health, they are also applicable to post-disaster situations in urban areas. In addition, it is worthwhile reviewing those lessons from the Osaka and Kobe earthquakes because of the problems such as handling the rubbish from the demolition of buildings, setting up mobile latrines, recovering the water supply system, and so on.

並列關鍵字

natural disaster ； shelter ； water supply ； waste disposal ； disinfection and disinfestations