Persistent low fertility rate, especially below replacement level, is a critical problem in many developed countries. These rates have been reversed in Nordic countries and Western Europe, but rates have declined to all-time lows in East Asian and Southern European countries since the early 1990s. This study examined differences between the fertility rates of these groups of countries to analyze the factors underlying this difference. Gender inequality, flawed family policies, and macro-level uncertainties are the critical factors that have resulted in low fertility in Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. In this study, we developed a framework to explain the trend of low fertility in these three East Asian countries, with a particular focus on government responses to this challenge. This study also analyzed the current problem of low fertility in Taiwan to furnish prescriptions for the government. To mitigate the problem of low fertility in Taiwan, government policies should proactively support gender equality and work-life balance.
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