宋元以來江蘇常熟真武崇拜考

歷代常熟方志如宋寶祐《琴川志》、鄉鎮志如清吳卓信纂《桂村小志》、文人文集如明孫樓《刻孫百川先生文集》、寺觀志如清釋空見纂《藏海寺志》、地方文獻彙編如邵松年輯《海虞文徵》等文獻中對宋元以來常熟民間頗為流行的真武崇拜多有記載，其中包括數量可觀的碑銘錄文，涉及廟宇修建、儀式專家、普通信眾等方面的內容。真武崇拜至今仍是常熟民間的重要神明崇拜之一。供奉真武的廟宇數量不少，其中包括歷史較為悠久的虞山祖師廟、周涇佑聖道院、龍旋真武廟等。以這些廟宇為中心的真武誕日慶典，以及道教科儀、民間宣卷等儀式活動仍然構成常熟民間文化和民俗活動的重要內容。文章將在梳理傳統歷史文獻記載的基礎上，結合田野調查資料，力圖較為系統地考察宋元以來常熟的真武崇拜，並主要對參與其中的社會人群，以及相關儀式傳統進行分析。

關鍵字

常熟；真武崇拜；道教科儀；民間宗教；宣卷

並列摘要

Records treating the development of temple cults to the popular deity Zhenwu 真武 that arose during the Song and Yuan dynasties in the Changshu 常熟 area of Jiangsu Province may be found in a wide range of documents, including local chronicles such as the Baoyou Qinchuan zhi 琴川志, village and township records like Wu Zhuoxin's Guicun xiaozhi 桂村小志, literati anthologies such as Sun Lou's Ke Sun Baichuan xiansheng wenji 刻孫百川先生文集, temple gazetteers like the Canghai sizhi 藏海寺志 compiled by Shi Kongjian during the Qing dynasty, compilations of local literature such as Shao Songnian's Haiyu wenzheng 海虞文徵, etc. In addition, a considerable number of stele inscriptions treat temple construction projects, ritual specialists, and ordinary worshippers. Today, the Zhenwu cult remains one of Changshu's most thriving forms of religious life, with a large number of temples dedicated to Zhenwu now flourishing, including those with lengthy histories like the Ancestral Master Temple 祖師廟 on Mount Yushan, the Yousheng Daoist Temple 佑聖道院 at Zhoujing, the Zhenwu Temple 真武廟 at Longxuan, etc. Moreover, birthday celebrations for Zhenwu centered on these temples, as well as ritual activities such as Daoist liturgies and precious scroll recitations, still constitute an important part of Changshu popular culture. Based on investigations of historical documents as well as extensive field research, this paper attempts to systematically trace the growth of the Zhenwu cult in Changshu since the Song-Yuan era, with special attention devoted to the social groups involved in this cult as well as related ritual traditions.