乾淨的飲用水是都市維生系統重要的一環,影響所有都市居民的生命與健康,因此聯合國將之列為永續發展目標之一。而在災害威脅加劇的大環境下,都市飲用水系統脆弱性(vulnerability)更顯重要,若能早期診察一個都市飲用水系統之脆弱性,將有助於相關單位提出改善策略與調適作為,進而提升都市韌性(resilience)。過去研究論及飲用水或水資源之脆弱性大多從國家尺度進行探討,鮮少有論文聚焦於都市飲用水系統之脆弱性。本研究目的即在於探討都市飲用水脆弱性評估指標系統,利用專家德爾菲問卷調查方法,收集相關專家學者之意見,完成重要評估指標之選取。本研究透過系統化之文獻回顧分析,完成都市飲用水脆弱性評估系統專家問卷設計,共分為「水源端」、「淨水設備」、「配水設備」、「使用端」等四大構面,各構面包含相關候選指標共53個。最後共有12位專家學者全程參與德爾菲問卷調查過程。研究結果顯示:一、淨水設備和配水設備兩個構面的重要性最高,顯示出飲用水管理單位本身的處理與調適能力影響都市飲用水系統脆弱性極大;二、受訪之專家學者最看重的是制度與系統建立面向的指標;三、入選評估指標多數反映臺灣都市治理情境。本研究最後將研究結果應用於臺灣北部都市進行實證探討,結果顯示所選擇之指標確實具有代表性,可以用以評估都市系統飲用水之脆弱性,並在災害發生前提出預警。
Clean drinking water is a vital part of the urban life support system and affects the lives and health of all urban residents. Therefore, the United Nations lists it as one of the important Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Under the disaster threats, the vulnerability of the urban drinking water system is a critical issue. If the vulnerability of an urban drinking water system can be diagnosed at the early stage, it will help the related authorities to propose improvement strategies and adjustments, thereby enhancing the city resilience. Most previous studies had discussed the vulnerability of drinking water or water resources from the national scale; however, few papers had focused on the vulnerability of urban drinking water systems. Hence, the purpose of this study was to discuss the evaluation system of urban drinking water vulnerability. The opinions of relevant experts were collected by the Delphi method, and then the important evaluation indicators were selected finally. The questionnaire of the evaluation indicators system of urban drinking water vulnerability were designed based on the systematic literature review and analysis. It was divided into four main categories, including "water source," "water purification," "water distribution," and "water usage," and it had 53 candidate indicators entirely. A total of 12 experts participated the Delphi questionnaire survey. According to the results, the categories of "water purification" and "water distribution" were most important, showing that the drinking water management authority's ability to handle the critical issues greatly affects the vulnerability of urban drinking water system significantly. Experts also emphasized to establish formal drinking water governance system to cope critical issues under the disaster. In addition, the indicators that selected in this study can represent the special situation of Taiwan's cities. Cities of northern Taiwan were assessed and tested by this system and the results were discussed, and it indicated that the indicators were indeed representative. This evaluation system may be used to assess the vulnerability of drinking water system in the city.
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