試論宋代儒禪形成的因緣－以《禪林寶訓》為例

A Study on the Causes of the Formation of Confucian Chan in Song Dynasty- The Book of Chan Lin Bao Xun as a Case

許文筆(Hsu Wen-pi)

《宗教哲學》 80期 (2017/06) Pp. 117-155

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.2017.06.80.117

摘要

從東漢格義佛教將印度佛教文化帶入中國文化場域，就明顯的經歷一連串的交流對話、相互詰難，到取其優點作為借鏡，以融入或發展自身的新思想，最後三教合一或三教融合成了明清以來的傳統。從佛教自身來看這個變化過程，宋代是一個關鍵時代，佛教承續之前的三教詮說，又面臨政權變化及新儒家的挑戰，回應的過程使得佛教與儒家有更趨進的現象，這在禪宗有明顯表現，也是本論想要探討的地方。《禪林寶訓》是大慧宗杲及竹庵士珪禪師編輯二宋期間高僧大德之嘉言懿行錄，後淨善禪師再重輯，而流傳至今。此書中可見二宋重要禪師對當時禪宗現象的反思言語。本文以此書為本，在簡述佛教歷來的三教互動言說後，主要論述宋代禪師所行而形成的儒禪現象，主要探討形成的內外因緣及運用的實例，並先定義為何儒禪，以為三教交流史中提供一個明證與佛教轉折點。

關鍵字

禪林寶訓 ； 宋代禪宗 ； 儒禪 ； 大慧宗杲 ； 竹庵士珪

並列摘要

Since the Indian Buddhist culture was introduced to the Chinese culture by Geyi Buddhism in Eastern Han Dynasty, it has evidently experienced a series of exchanges, conversations, interrogations, and examinations. The advantages were borrowed as examples and fused to develop the new thought. Finally, the union or integration of the three religions became the tradition after Ming and Qing Dynasty. If the transitional process is observed in terms of Buddhism itself, Song Dynasty is a key period. Buddhism inherited from the interpretations of the former three religions and faced the political changes and the challenges of New Confucianism. The responsive process led to more inclination of Buddhism for Confucianism, and this paper aims to discuss its obvious exhibition in Zen Buddhism. The book of Chan Lin Bao Xun is the records of the senior monks' good words and acts during the two Song Dynasties edited by Masters Dahui Zonggao and Zhuan Shigui. It was reedited by Master Jing Shan and has been handed down ever since. From this book, we can see the reflective words on the contemporary phenomenon of Zen Buddhism from the important Zen masters in the two Song Dynasties. Based on the book, this paper briefly introduces the interactive words between the three Buddhist religions in history and then has a major discourse on the phenomenon of Confucian Chan formed by the Zen masters in Song Dynasty. The major discussion will focus on the examples of formation and application of the internal and external causes, and the definition on Confucian Chan will serve as a manifestation and Buddhist turning point in the exchange history of the three religions.

並列關鍵字

Chan Lin Bao Xun ； Zen Buddhism in Song Dynasty ； Confucian Chan ； Dahui Zonggao ； Zhuan Shigui