1927-1937年南京民族形式公共建築的門楣樣式研究

門楣原是門牆之間的保護性構件，表現為楣梁、牆壁結合處的上方所披覆的多層結構。其位置顯赫，是門的臉面，因此，在農業文明時代，承載了趨吉向善的民俗文化心理，標示出屋主人的經濟實力、社會地位。近代以後的門楣又在此基礎上，展現了建築結構與技術的現代轉型，折射了都市建設的國際背景，同紮根本土的傳統意識、黨國權威之間的交融、調適關係。大陸地區對門楣的專題研究起步較晚，關於門楣的系統研究較少，對於某特定地區與歷史時期中的門楣，也尚未有更加深入的研究成果。鑑於此，文章以國民政府制定「中國固有之形式」的文化復興政策，以及中國建築師群體探索民族形式建築的高潮為時代背景，聚焦1927年至1937年國民政府所在地南京，十年黃金建設期的行政區公署類，文教區教科研與社會服務類，以及中山陵園區運動場與紀念性建築的門楣樣式。通過清單比較、分析三大類民族形式建築中，劃分區域的牌坊、牌樓門楣，以及建築物自身組成部分的抱廈門楣、外簷房門門楣的組合關係及其繁簡演繹，代表性建築要素，整體造型特徵，以及裝飾手法與圖案的組合方式等等，歸納門楣樣式的共性特徵與個體差異。繼而，試從設計社會學，文化碰撞與涵化，時代精神等方面，以及外籍建築師的彩畫觀，新型建築的功能、審美訴求，門楣所在位置的重要程度，以及黨派色彩的儀式空間塑造等方面，解析共性特徵與個體差異的背景成因。文章旨在由點帶面地引出，對黃金十年南京民族形式建築的視覺語言、都市建設、時代精神、文化內涵、政治意義的全方位、多層次思索，以期將門楣、建築、城市及其自然、社會、人文等各層次結構連構為有機整體。

關鍵字

1927-1937年；南京；民族形式；公共建築；門楣樣式

並列摘要

The doorhead is a protective component between the door and the wall, which is characterized by a multi-layer structure covered by the girders and the wall joints. Its position is prominent, and is the face of the door. Therefore, in the era of agricultural civilization, it carries the folk culture psychology that tends to be good and benevolent, and indicates the economic strength and social status of the owner. On the basis of this, the doorhead of modern times shows the modern transformation of building structure and technology, reflects the international background of urban construction, and the relationship of blending and adjustment between the traditional consciousness of the native soil and the authority of the party and the state. The special research on the doorhead in the mainland started late, and there are few systematic studies on the doorhead. For the doorhead of a particular region and historical period, there is no more in-depth research achievements. In view of this, the article takes the cultural revitalization policy of ＂inherent form of China＂ formulated by the National Government, and the climax of the Chinese architect group to explore the national form of architecture as the background of the times, and focuses on the doorhead styles of the administrative districts, education, science and research of cultural and educational districts and social services as well as the sports ground and monumental buildings of the Sun Yat-sen Cemetery during the ten years of golden construction period in the location of the National Government in Nanjing from 1927 to 1937. Through the list comparison and analysis of the three major types of national forms of architecture, the article divides the archway doorhead , the doorhead of temporary ceremonial arch, and the building's own components of the combination of the doorhead and the outer door doorhead and its complex interpretation, demonstrates the representative architectural elements, the overall styling characteristics as well as the combination of decorative techniques and patterns ,etc., summarizes the common characteristics and individual differences of the doorhead style. Subsequently, from the aspects of design sociology, cultural collision and acculturation, the spirit of the times, and the color painting concept of foreign architects, the function of new buildings, the aesthetic appeal, the importance of the position of the doorhead, and the ritual space shaping of the party color, the background causes of common features and individual differences are analyzed. Fanning out from point to the entire area, the article aims to draw out the all-round and multi level thinking of the visual language, urban construction, epochal spirit, cultural connotation and political significance of Nanjing national form architecture in the golden decade, with a view to organically integrate the doorhead, architecture, city and its the various levels of structure such as nature, society, and humanities.