Chronic "Helicobacter pylori" infection leads to peptic ulcer, gastric cancer or lymphoma. "H. pylori" eradication can improve the control of peptic ulcer disease and reduce the risk of gastric carcinogenesis. However, the resistant strains of "H. pylori" are increasing. Although newly developed quinolone-based triple therapy, quadruple therapy or sequential therapy can overcome this problem now, we still face the problems of drug cost, compliance and resistant strains of "H. pylori." Supplementation with probiotics in the first-line triple therapy and in the 2nd line therapy can improve the "H. pylori" eradication rate, and gastritis via immune and non-immune mechanisms. The positive effect of probiotics can be consistent for both sensitive and resistant "H. pylori" isolates, despite of the high bacterial loads. In the "H. pylori"-infected children, there would link with an imbalance of gut microbiota, potentially relevant to an impaired chronic immune responses related with peptic ulcer, asthma or even gastric cancer. Probiotics can suppress the "H. pylori" loads, modify the immune response, and restore the intestinal microbiota to improve children's immunity. Probiotics can also regulate gut microflora and immunity, and thus be promising to prevent the re-infection or new infection of "H. pylori" during long-term follow-up.
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