《墨辯》中的分類思維初探

A Preliminary Study of the Classification Thoughts in the Mobian

藍文欽(Wen-Chin Lan)

《圖書資訊學刊》 16卷1期 (2018/06) Pp. 77-108

https://doi.org/10.6182/jlis.201806_16(1).077

摘要

廣義《墨辯》，由《墨子》書中之〈經上〉、〈經下〉、〈經說上〉、〈經說下〉、〈大取〉、〈小取〉六篇組成。《墨辯》是墨家邏輯學的奠基之作，代表中國古代邏輯學思想的發展高峰。《墨辯》的內容豐富多元，本文嘗試從分類思維的觀點進行解析。分類由感知事物之存在與其異同開始，《墨辯》中系統性的說明人類的心智活動。《墨辯》中處處可見關於概念的定義與類別的劃分，其類別劃分已隱含階層的意涵。墨家重視名實相應，《墨辯》中對於名實的問題有深入的討論。在區分同異時，墨家注意到事物間之同異並非固定不變，《墨辯》中列舉多種同異的類型。墨家的分類觀點，是「彼止於彼、此止於此」，而區別同異時要能掌握事物間的根本差異。綜言之，《墨辯》可視為中國古代分類思維的寶庫。

關鍵字

墨辯 ； 分類思維 ； 名實問題 ； 同異區分 ； 察類與推類

並列摘要

This article attempts to examine the Mobian (墨辯; the Mohist Dialectical) from the perspective of classification theory. The Mobian comprises six texts, which form chapters 40 through 45 of the extant Mozi (墨子), including Jing-shang (經上; Canon I), Jing-xia (經下; Canon II), Jingshuo-shang (經說上; Explanation to Canon I), Jingshuo-xia (經說下; Explanation to Canon II), Daqu (大取; Greater Selections), and Xiaoqu (小取; Lesser Selections). The Mobian is commonly recognized as a classic and treasure for the logic of ancient China. Therefore, most scholars explore the book assuming a logical or philosophical perspective. The current investigation, however, is focused on thoughts and issues related to classification as revealed in the Mobian. The result of the preliminary study shows that Mobian can and should be viewed as a treasure for classification study of ancient China. There exists numerous thoughtful discussions related to classification issues, including perception and cognition (i.e., the foundation of classifying), the three laws of thought and the principle of rationality, concept definitions, categorization, names and objects, sameness and difference, and classifying and inferring methods. The results guarantee further examination of the Mobian and suggest that we may employ a similar approach to investigate the writings of the Pre-Qin philosophers.

並列關鍵字

Mobian ； Classification Thoughts ； Names and Objects ； Sameness and Difference ； Categorization

參考文獻

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