從養生到衛生：自肉食論述考察日本明治期健康觀變遷

明治時期是日本轉型為現代國家的變革期，伴隨大量西洋知識、技術、文化的引進，而對諸多領域產生衝擊，健康領域也不例外。本文旨在以當時肉食論述為例，考察明治日本的健康概念變遷過程。日本自657年天武天皇頒佈殺生禁令以來，禁止宰殺家畜並視食肉為污染，由於此社會背景，促使誕生於中國、不禁止肉食的《本草綱目》傳入日本後，日本醫家對於如何詮釋書中肉類健康效益之描述產生分歧。進入明治，衛生論傳入日本並取代養生論成為主流健康論述，飲食亦成為象徵國家權力之衛生警察的監控對象。伴隨明治時期肉食解禁，以營養科學等現代科學知識為基礎，肉食從個人身體維護轉變為富國強兵政策的一環，進而被列入國家治理的對象。在此過程中，並非簡單地「養生論／批判肉食vs.衛生論／鼓勵肉食」此對立構圖，而是呈現出對健康與肉食的多重詮釋。

關鍵字

養生；衛生；健康觀；明治日本；肉食

並列摘要

In the Meiji era, Japan transformed into a modern country. The massive influx of Western knowledge, technology and culture in this period was deeply felt throughout the society, and health was no exception. This article examines changes in concepts of health in Meiji Japan by taking the meat-eating discourse of the time as an example. After Emperor Tenmu issued the order prohibiting the killing of livestock killing in 657, Japanese stopped slaughtering livestock for food and regarded meat-eating as a kind of pollution. Given this socio-historical background, when Compendium of Materia Medica was introduced from China to Japan, and notably contained no meat prohibition, differences arose in Japanese physicians' interpretation of the health value of meat. During the Meiji era, the Hygiene theory was introduced to Japan, replacing the status of Yojo theory and becoming the mainstream health theory. Diet also became a target of control for hygiene medical police, in an assertion of national power. Following the lifting of the meat-eating prohibition in the Meiji period, the purpose of meat-eating on the basis of modern science, such as nutriology, transformed from health care to strengthening the national economy and military prowess as it became a target of national governance. This transformation was much more than a confrontation between two theories, i.e. ＂Yojo theory/criticism of meat-eating vs Hygiene theory/encouragement of meat-eating＂; rather, different theorists from various groups had divergent interpretations of health and meat-eating on the basis of their different habits and interests.

並列關鍵字

yojo ； hygiene ； concept of health ； Meiji Japan ； meat-eating

參考文獻

貝原益軒著、大木陽堂譯註（1936），《（現代語譯）貝原益軒養生訓》。東京：教材社。

Google Scholar

JACAR（Japan Center for Asian Historical Records），〈太政類典・第二編・明治四年～明治十年・第百三十四卷（國立公文書館），醫制ヲ定メ先ツ三府ニ於テ徐々着手セシム：〉。http://www.digital.archives.go.jp/das/image/M0000000000000848607（檢索日期：2016年9 月10 日）。