Education, Attitudes and the Armed Forces: A Cultural-Technological and Comparative Historical Analysis

教育、態度與軍隊：比較歷史與科技文化之解析

音雅恩(Ian Edward Inkster)

《語文與國際研究》 7期 (2010/12) Pp. 107-128

https://doi.org/10.7084/LIS.201012.0107

摘要

本文從歷史途徑說明，何以軍官訓練在十八世紀啓蒙運動以來的歐洲變得日益艱難。到了二十世紀，外在的社會力量與文化力量使得過往這個獨立而完整的軍官訓練體系（包括軍事訓練機構、立法、軍事策略與訓練的連結，以及戰爭的經濟學等等）越來越難以維繫。軍官教育在世界各地一直被兩個要素所主導：人格訓練、專業知識的訓練。然而，隨著科技變遷與社會態度的變化，軍官們的任務也急遽改變。本文主張，全球性的文化變遷不但瓦解了西方社會完整而獨立的訓練體系條件，同時也崩解了其內在的文化霸權價值體系。至於台灣的軍官教育，則很可能成爲一個維護軍官正直操守養成訓練的特例。

關鍵字

軍事史 ； 文化霸權與文化變遷 ； 科技變革 ； 台灣

並列摘要

This rather wide-ranging paper considers the cultural and comparative elements in the training of military officers since the European Enlightenment of the 18(superscript th) Century. The entire conception of military training is too often confined to studies of military training institutions, changing legislation, the links between training and military strategies, and perhaps the economics of warfare. These are large issues but they tend to neglect the historical forces impacting upon the training of military officers' that stem from profound socio-cultural and technological changes in the total environment of military institutions and capacities. In this study we argue that officer education has always been dominated, and in all places, by only two essential elements-those of character and those of expertise or special knowledge. Changes in the wider contexts of military institutions have clearly affected the commanding conceptions of character and expertise. What should an officer look like? How should he act? What should he know? Or, what should she know?
Our argumentative strategy here is to claim that officer training has historically taken place within 'total institutions' on the basis of social selection and a more-or-less common set of hegemonic values, although these latter may have at times been quite explicitly imposed from above by elite authorities. We further argue that the underlying social, cultural and technological changes of the 20th Century effectively destroyed such conditions and, thereby, threw into question the whole character and purpose of officer education in all nations. As such changes, first stemming from advanced western societies, globalized over that century, so too the military of all nations were ultimately concerned, pulled into the vortex of a new cultural dissolution. All military systems resisted the impact of such cultural or technological revolutions, and in many societies, especially authoritarian communist, nationalist or Islamic societies, there were strong efforts to isolate military academies from their historical contexts. The final part of this article considers the place of Taiwan within this new socio-cultural vortex.

並列關鍵字

military history ； cultural hegemony and cultural change ； technological change ； Taiwan

參考文獻

Barnard, Henry (1872). Military Schools and Courses of Instruction in the Science and the Art of War; in France, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Sardinia, England, and the United States. New York: E. Steiger.

Batty John (1890). The Spirit and Influence of Chivalry. London: Elliott Stock.

Bentham, Jeremy(1791). The Panopticon Writings. ed., M. Bozovic, London: Verso, 1995. The entire text is available freely at http://cartome.org/panopticon2.htm

(Central News Agency (2007). 'Apache helicopter most suited to Taiwan's defence needs: Army'. Retrieved on 2007-08-10.).

(China Post (complete survey for 2009-10)).