話語實踐與社會變遷：以日治時期《臺灣民間文學集》「民歌」為例

Discourse Practice and Social Change: A Case Study of ＂folk songs＂ of The Collection of Taiwanese Folk Literature during the Japanese colonial period

石美玲(Shih, Mei-Ling)

《興大中文學報》 43期 (2018/06) Pp. 223-275

摘要

一九二○至一九三○年代的臺灣知識份子，受到殖民當局日語同化教育與調查整理臺灣民俗舊慣的刺激，為避免民眾教化權被取代與本土語言、文化的日漸消亡，乃在中國俗文學運動的啟發下，進行一場以民間文化為活水的母語反撲與文化重構運動，開展出有別於日本、中國而獨樹一格的臺灣民間文學，1936年6月李獻璋編撰的《臺灣民間文學集》問世，被視為是此運動的集大成之作。《臺灣民間文學集》分為〈歌謠篇〉與〈故事篇〉；〈歌謠篇〉再分「民歌」、「童謠」、「謎語」三類，書寫語言以「臺灣話文」為主，混雜古典漢文、白話文以及少數日語、羅馬拼音、英文字母、阿拉伯數字等，除反映當時文化界繁複駁雜的話語生態外，也以具體實踐證明「臺灣話文」書寫的可行性，並消解反對者詬病「臺灣話文」創作不足的問題。本文從〈歌謠篇〉573首「民歌」的數千個語句中，取其能彰顯臺灣文化特色的代表性語彙，分列七種「話語」類型，藉以突顯日治時期的臺灣知識分子努力創造一種只有臺灣人才看得懂的「言文一致」文體，並透過有意識、有目的地再現－挪用或棄用殖民者的作品，再混雜我族在地口頭文學－而成的臺灣民間文學，成為強化臺灣特殊性與主體性、促進臺人認同以抵抗日本殖民同化的文化資本。

關鍵字

李獻璋 ； 民間文學 ； 臺灣話文 ； 話語生態 ； 話語實踐 ； 文化資本

並列摘要

The Taiwanese intellectuals of the 1920s and 1930s were stimulated by the Japanese Assimilation education and investigations of reorganize Taiwan's folk customs. To prevent the people's right to education from being replaced and the demise of their language and culture, they proceeded a native-language counterattack and cultural reconstructive movement with folk culture as the living water under the influence and enlightenment of the popular literature movement in China. They attempted to construct a self-contemporary style of ＂spoken language and writing word＂ and to developed an unique style of Taiwan's folk literature which differs from Japan and China. The launched of the ＂The Collection of Taiwanese Folk Literature＂ compiled by Li Hsian Chang in June 1936 was regarded as a masterpiece of this movement. ＂The Collection of Taiwanese Folk Literature＂ is divided into 'The Chapter of folk songs' and 'The Chapter of stories,' and 'The Chapter of folk songs' is broken down into 'folk songs,' 'children's ballads,' and 'riddles.' Taiwanese was the major written language, together with classical Chinese, vernacular Chinese and a small amount of Japanese, Romanized Pinyin, English alphabets, Arabic numerals, etc. In addition to reflecting the ecological complexity of the discourse in the cultural world at that time, it also proved the feasibility of writing 'Taiwanese alphabetization' and eliminated criticized for its lack of creative work of 'Taiwanese alphabetization.' From the thousands of sentences and phrases in the 573 Songs of Folk Songs, this article chooses representative vocabularies that can demonstrate the cultural characteristics of Taiwan as materials. The author classified them into seven types of ＂discourse＂ to highlight how the intellectuals appropriated or dropped of the colonist's works consciously and purposefully, and mixed with the oral literature of local people to create Taiwan's folk literature. How Taiwan's folk literature become an important cultural asset to resist to Japan's colonial assimilation and to strengthen Taiwan's particularity and subjectivity during the Japanese occupation period.

並列關鍵字

Li Hsian Chang ； folk literature ； Taiwanese alphabetization ； discursive eco-situation ； discursive practice ； cultural asset

參考文獻

王詩琅著，張良澤編：《王詩琅選集第五卷‧臺灣文學重建的問題》，臺北：海峽學術出版社，2003 年。

生安鋒：《霍米巴巴》，臺北：生智出版社，2005 年。

李獻璋：《臺灣民間文學集》，臺北：龍文出版社，2006 年。

李南衡主編：《日據下台灣新文學‧明集 5 文獻資料選集》，臺北：明潭出版社， 1979 年。

李壬癸：《台灣原住民史——語言篇》，南投：臺灣省文獻會，1999 年。