The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between mathematically talented and non-mathematically talented students. We used the dataset from the Taiwan Assessment of Student Achievement (TASA) to identify 226 out of 7,541 mathematically talented eighth graders, who scored above the ninety-seven percentile rank on the math achievement test. The findings show that mathematically talented students differ from non-mathematically talented students with respect to personality and situational aspects such as having better family backgrounds, greater likelihood of exposure to music experiences, and attendance at cram schools after class. In addition, mathematically talented students tend to focus on mastery of class materials, but tend to eschew group discussion in comparison to the non-mathematically talented students.