長濱鄉平埔客家民俗文化活動的探討

A Study of Folk Culture between Pingpu and Hakka in Changbin

于文正(Wen-Cheng Yu) ； 徐義權(Yi-Chua Hsu)

《休閒研究》 8卷1期 (2018/10) Pp. 1-21

摘要

本研究針對居住於臺東縣長濱鄉的平埔與客家族群，以田野調查及結構式訪談的方式，嘗試瞭解這兩個族群在民俗活動上的相似性。我們針對民眾的族群屬性將受訪的民眾家戶區分為：純客家、平客聯姻（含收養）與純平埔等三種類型，嘗試瞭解這三類婚配模式的家戶在冬至、除夕、五福紙與天公爐等民俗活動上的現況與差異。我們一共在長濱鄉訪談了11個家戶共15位民眾，雖然自2014年便開始進行田野調查，但主要研究期間是2017年，調查範圍最北到璋原村、最南到寧埔村。在民俗活動的存續方面，研究發現這三類受訪民眾冬至時均曾有過、或現在仍會將湯圓黏在家中某處；純客家與平客聯姻的受訪民眾會在除夕凌晨拜天公，但純平埔的家戶較無此一習俗；另外這三類民眾的家門前絕大多數都張貼五福紙，但於庭院中設置天公爐卻僅見於平客聯姻或純平埔族的家戶中，純客家的受訪民眾家前並未設置天公爐。關於這些民俗活動的細節我們發現家中設有天公爐的受訪民眾，拜拜順序均是由天公爐開始，而後是門神、屋內神明、祖先牌位或其他敬拜對象，雖然儀式的細節有所不同，但拜拜都是早晚進行，並且逢初一、十五還會加入特別的儀式；長濱鄉受訪的客家鄉親因為家中沒有天公爐，所以拜拜是以家中神明、祖先為主，但是初一、十五仍會增加特別的儀式。受訪的客家民眾在訪談中也表示家中曾經有過冬至黏湯圓的習俗，但相較於另外兩個受訪類別的民眾，這些客家鄉親黏湯圓的位置比較少，其他受訪民眾黏湯圓的位置則包括了戶外、室內甚至各種農具。最特別的是一位居住在璋原村的噶瑪蘭族民眾，雖然他冬至也會黏湯圓，家中設有天公爐，但是除夕凌晨拜天公的方式與另兩類受訪民眾迥異，拜拜的順序也與當地平埔族不同，雖然有點香卻沒有敬茶，拜拜也僅限於初一、十五。

關鍵字

平埔族 ； 客家 ； 民俗文化

並列摘要

This study aims to understand the similarities of fork culture between Pingpu and Haka people living in Changbin Township, Taitung County. With field survey and structured interview, we classify the interviewed households into three types: Hakka, Mixed Marriage (including adoption) and Pingpu. The folk culture we concerned was winter solstice, Chinese New Year's Eve worship, Wufu paper and God censer. Totally we interviewed 15 people in 11 households. Although field survey was conducted since 2014, the main research period was in 2017. In terms of the existence of folk activities, we found all three types of respondents had had or still would stick Tangyuans in their houses during the winter solstice; mixed marriage and Hakka will worship the God in the early morning of Chinese New Year's Eve, however Pingpu households have no such custom. In addition, all three types of households have posted Wufu papers upon their doors, but setting up God censer in courtyards has only been seen in mixed marriage or Pingpu's households. There were no God censers installed in Hakka's courtyards.

並列關鍵字

Pingpu ； Hakka ； Folk Culture