超級電容器材料與元件

Active Materials and Components of Supercapacitors

林律吟(Lu-Yin Lin)

《化學》 77卷3期 (2019/09) Pp. 249-260

https://doi.org/10.6623/chem.201909_77(3).003

摘要

超級電容器具有高功率密度的特性，可結合電池以達到高能量與功率密度的儲能裝置，因此發展超級電容器為解決目前嚴重能源短缺問題的必要方法之一。超級電容器的元件組成包含導電基材、活性材料與電解液，各部位對於超級電容器的儲能能力皆扮演重要角色。本文對於各部位元件的分類與特性作介紹，並且特別針對活性材料做更詳盡的討論，包含活性材料的分類、優缺點與過去文獻的相關研究。超級電容器的活性材料包含碳材、導電高分子與金屬化合物，此三類材料的導電度、孔隙度與氧化還原活性皆不同，結合不同類型材料製備複合物，為目前製備高效能活性材料的主要方式。超級電容器的未來發展將以結合軟性電子為主，因此使用軟性導電基材如碳布及具可撓曲且不洩漏特性的半固態與固態電解液為勢必發展的方向，而活性材料亦須具有撓曲狀態下的高儲電能力，如導電高分子，但其須結合其他類活性材料，以避免充放電過程中膨脹收縮造成穩定度下降。未來期盼能經由適合的元件選用與有效的活性材料搭配，製備高效能的超級電容器，應用於具有快速充放電需求的裝置。

關鍵字

活性材料 ； 碳材 ； 導電基材 ； 導電高分子 ； 電解液 ； 金屬化合物 ； 軟性電子 ； 超級電容器

並列摘要

Supercapacitors with the high power density feature have been widely combined with batteries to achieve the energy storage devices with high energy and power densities. The development of supercapacitors is thus considered to be one of the effective methods to solve the current serious energy shortage problems. The components of the supercapacitor contain the conductive substrate, an active material and the electrolyte. Each part plays an important role on the energy storage capacity of the supercapacitor. The classification and characteristics of the components of supercapacitors were introduced in this text. The classification as well as the pros and cons of the active materials were discussed in more detail, and the previous achievements for the supercapacitors with different active materials were also discussed. The active material of the supercapacitor includes carbon materials, conducting polymers and metal compounds. The conductivity, porosity and redox activity of these three types of active materials are different. Combining different types of active materials to fabricate composites was commonly applied to prepare efficient active materials with excellent energy storage abilities. The future development of supercapacitors is to combine with soft electronics. Therefore, the use of flexible conductive substrates such as carbon cloth and quasi-solid/solid electrolytes with flexible and non-leakage properties is inevitable. Also, the active materials are required to maintain high energy storage ability under the bending conditions such as the conducting polymers. However, the conducting polymer should combine with other types of active materials to avoid poor cycling stability due to the expansion and contraction during the charge and discharge processes. It is expected that the highly efficient supercapacitors can be developed with suitable selection of components and effective design of active materials for providing the energy storage of the devices with the fast charge and discharge requirements.

並列關鍵字

Active material ； Carbon ； Conducting substrate ； Conducting polymer ； Electrolyte ； Metal compound ； Soft electronics ； Supercapacitor