兩個被遺忘的北宋降遼內臣馮從順與李知順事蹟考

Feng Congshun and Li Zhishun: Two Northern Song Eunuchs who surrendered to Liao and were forgotten by their Song Masters

何冠環(HO , Koon-wan)

《新亞學報》 34卷 (2017/08) Pp. 195-226

https://doi.org/10.6743/NAJ.201708_34.0005

摘要

本文據近代出土的〈馮從順墓誌〉及〈李知順墓誌〉以及宋遼及高麗傳世史料，考論兩名本為宋內臣，後在宋真宗（968-1022，997-1022在位）初年的宋遼戰爭被俘而降遼的馮從順（967-1023）和李知順（975-1028）的生平事蹟。馮李二人事蹟不見載於《遼史》且遼代文獻，卻見載於宋元人所撰的《續資治通鑑長編》、《宋會要》及《宋史》。據宋人的記載，二人已「戰歿」，然近代出土的二人墓誌，卻記二人並沒戰死，而是被俘而降遼，後來還得到遼承天蕭太后（953-1009）及遼聖宗（971-1031，982-1031在位）的重用，最後擢為高級內臣，官至節度使。而據域外史料《高麗史》的記載，李知順後來還以太子太傅的頭銜出使高麗。本主旨在展示研究宋遼史時，需參看宋遼雙方以至高麗的相關記載，並且不僅閱讀各樣成書的文獻史料，還需要留意相關的出土文獻。

關鍵字

馮從順 ； 李知順 ； 承天蕭太后 ； 遼聖宗 ； 宋史 ； 遼史 ； 高麗史

並列摘要

The article attempts to reconstruct the histories of two senior Liao遼 eunuchs, Feng Congshun 馮從順 (967-1023) and Li Zhishun 李知順 (975- 1028), primarily from their epitaphs excavated respectively in Manchuria and Inner-Mongolia in the early twentieth century. The biographies of Feng and Li are not found in the Standard History of Liao, 遼史. However, the Standard History of Song 宋史 and other Song source materials provide us with valuable information that helps us greatly in understanding their early careers. According to Song sources, Feng and Li were originally junior eunuchs serving the Song court. They were both assigned military duties during the Song-Xia War 宋夏戰爭 and Song-Liao War 宋遼戰爭 in the early eleventh century. Feng disappeared from the Song records after 997, while Li was reportedly killed in late 1004 before the Peace Treaty of Shan-yuan 澶淵之盟 was concluded in early 1005. No further records of them are found in Song sources after 1005. It is worth noting that both Feng and Li survived after 1005. Feng was captured by the Liao army in the Battle of Yingzhou 瀛洲 in 1000. He surrendered to his victor and Li followed suit in 1004. They subsequently won the trust of both Empress Dowager Xiao 承天蕭太后 (953-1009) and Emperor Shengzong 遼聖宗 (971-1031) of Liao, and were gradually promoted to senior positions in the next two decades. According to Korean source History of Gaoli 高麗史, Li was appointed special envoy to Korea in 1026, holding the senior and honorable title of Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent 太子太傅. The article serves as an example in the study of the history of Liao and Song in pointing out that not only should one examine carefully the sources of Liao and Song, including traditional primary sources and recently discovered epitaphs, one should look into the Korean sources as well.

並列關鍵字

Feng Congshun ； Li Zhishun ； Empress Dowager Xiao of Liao ； Emperor Shengzong of Liao ； Standard History of Song Dynasty ； Standard History of Liao Dynasty ； History of Korea