常與異之間的游移人生：亞斯論述、認同與社交常規

亞斯伯格症因社交能力的缺陷與固著行為成為精神疾病的類別，卻在2013年《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第五版》 (DSM-5) 中被除名，列入輕度「自閉症類群障礙 (ASD)」。然而，隨著歐美國家神經多樣性論述的興起並引入台灣，愈來愈多成人自我確診為亞斯，聲稱亞斯並非疾病，而是一種人格特質。立基於診斷框架與社會論述的轉變，本研究將重探台灣脈絡下的亞斯意義，並解答當代台灣社會對於正常人的社交能力之預設，如何形塑亞斯的診斷取得與生命經驗；亞斯認同又如何挑戰與重構這種特定的正常性。　　方法上，本研究以文本論述分析與深度訪談為主；訪談對象為三十位確診與自我確診的成年亞斯。本研究發現分為以下三個部分：第一部分指出，亞斯歷經的命名辯論以及三波論述意義的轉變——天才、病症與人格特質——是鑲嵌在各種社會條件之下共同生成 (co-production) 的結果。第二部分則指出，社交常規在台灣社會文化脈絡之下形成年齡化與性別化的標準。童年時「表現合眾行為」是隱性運作的社交常規，當亞斯僅遵守表面命令或在團體中表現怪異與突兀，實則戳破眾所期待卻又不能言明的人際和諧。成年階段的「維繫社會關係」則是期待成人能更熟稔人情世故的潛規則，尤其對成年女性的情感與照護能力更加要求之下，對女亞斯的適應帶來更嚴峻的挑戰。然而，社交常規仍可能在多種規範性、論述與社會情境的互動下，產生不同程度且可能變異的標準。第三部分以亞斯認同的發展，探討傳記式啟明 (biographical illumination) 概念的分析長處與侷限。本研究發現，取得診斷後與外在環境持續互動的長期經驗，將對於生命傳記的能否改寫造成不同程度的影響。認同的產生是由三個條件互動而生，包含：個人生命經驗或身心感知、與他人的關係，以及社會評價標準。亞斯在面臨條件轉換下產生動態游移的認同，並透過挪用特定的社會論述以正當化當下的認同意義或行動。換言之，亞斯無論作為一種經由診斷建立的身分通道，或是自我認識的醫療／社會文化框架，都並非一蹴可及；後續的認同建立與行動展演如何能延續，更是社會評價標準與個人生命經驗互動的結果。認同的產生更是亞斯們與互動秩序共舞之下，試圖創造被理解與照護支持的可能。　　簡言之，本研究以亞斯論述轉折、社交常規以及認同游移的狀態，照見台灣亞斯的意義如何形成社會秩序運作的機制。最後依據本研究的發現提出方法論的反省與建議。

關鍵字

亞斯論述；亞斯認同；社交常規；傳記式啟明

並列摘要

The nuclear symptoms of Asperger's disorder are lack of social skills and repetitive activities. However, Asperger's disorder was delisted in the Fifth Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and was classified as "autism spectrum disorder (ASD)." In Taiwan, more and more people have self-diagnosed themselves as ASD since the rise of the discourse of neurodiversity, claiming that Asperger is a personal trait, not a disorder. Thus, this article explores how the normality of social ability in Taiwan shapes Aspergers’ diagnosis and life experience, and how the Asperger identity challenges and reconstructs this normality. 　　Based on textual, discourse analysis, and 30 in-depth interviews with adults diagnosed and self-diagnosed with ASD, the results are divided into three parts. Firstly, by taking a co-production approach, this study depicts the shift in Asperger discourse that includes three stages: “genius,” “disorder,” and “personal trait.” Secondly, this article illustrates that, in Taiwan context, social norms are intertwined with age and gender. The social norm of children, which is emphasized that children should behave inclusively in a group, is a hidden rule. When Asperger only sticks by the rules, he or she actually breaks the interpersonal harmony that can’t be spoken. When they grow up as adults, the standard turns to focus on complex interpersonal rules. Such a social norm becomes even stricter to women because women are generally required to have better capability for emotional and care work. However, social norms may still become different levels of standards that may vary under the interaction of multiple norms, discourses, and social context. Thirdly, this article utilizes the concept of biographical illumination to analyze the development of Asperger identity, and points out the limitations of the concept. This study found that the long-term experience of continuously interacting with the institutional environment or social evaluation standard after diagnosis will have varying degrees of impact on the ability to rewrite biography. Identity is generated by the interaction of three conditions that includes life experience or physical and mental perception, relationship with others, and social evaluation standards. The Asperger identity will alter when the conditions change. Asperger may appropriate the specific discourse to make sense of the identity or action. In other words, no matter how Asperger as a status passage based on diagnosis, or a medical / socio-cultural framework of self-acknowledgment, only exerts temporary effects. In the long run, whether or not such identity and action can continue is resulted from the interactive dynamics between the judgment from society and Aspergers’ life experiences. More importantly, the construction of identity is also how Asperger show their agency, which attempts to gain understandings and supports from others. 　　To sum up, this article, based on the analysis of the shifting of Asperger discourses, social norms, and Asperger identities, illustrates that how the meaning of Asperger in Taiwan becomes a mechanism of social order. This article also addresses implications and the reflections of the methodology.