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  • 學位論文

GATS市場開放與國民待遇重疊爭議與解決方向

Overlap between Market Access and National Treatment: Problems and Possible Solutions

指導教授 : 羅昌發

摘要


摘 要 國民待遇原則(national treatment)為WTO協定最重要的原則之一。基於服務貿易之特殊性,GATS協定對於國民待遇設有不同於GATT之規範安排,其主要差異有二: GATS涵蓋所有影響服務貿易之歧視性措施;其二為GATS國民待遇義務係特定性義務,在適用上受有兩項限制:須為特定承諾表所列之服務部門,及其所列之國民待遇之限制與條件。其次,第十六條市場開放所列之六款限制措施,包括非歧視性及歧視性之措施,其中具有歧視性質之措施,亦受第十七條國民待遇之規範,因而,此二條規定對於歧視性市場開放限制措施,構成規範上之重疊。 由於GATS市場開放與國民待遇義務均屬特定性義務,須以會員國作出承諾為適用之前提要件,故而,如一項措施同受第十六條與第十七條規範時,但會員國承諾表對此二項義務之記載不一致時,例如承諾表之市場開放為不予承諾及國民待遇無限制,即可能解為會員國就歧視性市場開放限制措施,雖無開放國內服務市場義務,但欲須賦予外國同類服務及服務提供者國民待遇之義務,構成承諾表填載事項之重疊,但法效力互斥衝突之情形。 故而,本文擬從三層次探討,GATS特定承諾表所列載之市場開放與國民待遇重疊與衝突之現象:第一個層次為特定承諾表所適用之GATS規範本身之重疊。第二個層次為依特定承諾表本身記載事項所生之重疊與衝突現象。第三個層次,如依承諾表所載文義及填載規則仍未能確定會員國是否就第十六條第二項歧視性措施有所保留或承諾,或其內容仍發生衝突時,涉及條約之解釋問題,本文擬從條約解釋之角度,為此一爭議問題,探尋符合會員國期待,兼顧GATS目的與宗旨之適當解決方向。 首先,本文認為,關於特定承諾表所適用之GATS規範本身之重疊。GATS協定第二十條第二項,確認第十六條及第十七條之間,對於歧視性市場開放限制措施(discriminatory market access restrictions)具有重疊關係(overlap)。綜觀學說所提出之各種區別第十六條及第十七條適用關係之看法,可發現其討論之重點,均置於第十六條及第十七條規定是否相互排除適用,然而,爭議發生之原因,在於GATS特定性承諾本身之法律性質產生之爭議,應為承諾表填載格式與規則所致,而非實體規範之衝突問題。 其次,參照第二十條第一項規定承諾表之相關欄位,無論是市場開放之內容、限制及條件或者是國民待遇之條件及資格,在解釋上均可能落入承諾表所指之「限制」範疇。其次,為期承諾表之記載,能明確表明會員國對於歧視性市場開放限制措施,予以承諾或保留之意思,因此,對於承諾表之填載規則與記載事項即有三種解釋可能性。而多數見解所採之解釋,即認為市場開放之歧視性措施,均應於市場開放欄位與國民待遇欄位重複填載,才能避免解釋上發生衝突。因此,如會員國承諾表對此二項義務之記載不一致時,例如承諾表之市場開放為不予承諾及國民待遇無限制,即為多數見解所指之構成承諾表重疊與衝突現象。 第三,既然承諾表與GATS協定本文構成整體不可分之一部分,則承諾表之解釋,亦須適用條約之解釋規則,而條約解釋之基本原則,在於肯認締約方以善意方式履行條約之前提上,而予以善意解釋條約之意義。因而,如透過解釋規則,而可認為有兩種以上解釋之可能,如其一解釋方法將使得條約得以有效存在,而另一種解釋將使條約無效時,應選擇前者為優先解釋方法。此一解釋原則亦為WTO上訴機構所肯認。否則,如隨意認定條約約文之意義具有衝突而排斥其適用與效力,將使條約締約方原本意欲透過條約所達成之目的有所減損,致其條約談判過程所花費之勞力、時間及費用,付諸流水。 最後,本文建議,於紛爭解決之層面上,如承諾表之市場開放與國民待遇記載不一致時,在解釋上,應先推定其為無衝突,並以GATS第二十條第二項特別填載規則為據,推定承諾表市場開放欄位,為歧視性市場開放措施優先記載之欄位。如承諾表為概括承諾與概括保留時,例如承諾表之市場開放為不予承諾,及國民待遇為無限制時,即可解為第十六條歧視性措施為不予承諾之效力所涵蓋。反之,如會員國主觀上認為已記載於國民待遇欄位時,則應進一步判斷其記載有無明顯徵兆,而可客觀合理認定,以兼顧會員國之期待及GATS漸進自由化及透明性之目的。

並列摘要


Abstract This article examines the problems arised from overlap between market access and national treatment under GATS schedules of specific commitments, which mainly comprise of market access undertakings subject to six limitations under Article XVI and national treatment undertakings conditioned by all kind of discriminatory measures under Article XII. As many critics have pointed out the design of schedules and scheduling techniques that produce interpretive ambiguity, especially in the case a WTO Member entered Unbound under market access and None under national treatment or vice versa. Hence, a question arises whether that Member could maintain any discriminatory market access measures falling within the overlapping scope between Article XVI and XVII. This article anaylzes the overlap issue based on GATS Artilce XVI, XVII, XX:2 and the Schedule Guidelines from the following three aspects. Firstly, unlike GATT, the relationship between market access and national treatment displines under GATS remains unclear and thus the overlap is possible to create protential conflict undertakings while scheduling. Secondly, divided understandings on rules of scheduling exist among WTO Members, allowing them to use collective terms such as None and Unbound to entry in a seemingly conflict but consistent manner on their perception. Thirdly, since Members’ national schedules of specific commitments are regarded as an integrated part of GATS, rules on treaty interpretation shall be introduced and applied in the case of ambiguity. Finally, the article tries to propose possible solutions and suggests that Article XX:2 be provided some value to harmonize differenet interpretive approachs among WTO Members.

參考文獻


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