都市型開放空間與農地為具有生產、生活、生態之永續發展功能的開放性公共空間,然而,都市型開放空間或農地時常開發為其他產業或居住用途,使其效益永遠消失而衝擊永續發展。因此,在兼顧永續發展及國土規劃之完整性的前提下,需要藉由評估都市型開放空間與農地的效益來彰顯其無形價值。 本文選定高雄市的都市型開放空間與農地兩類開放空間作為研究對象,透過空間特徵Durbin模型來評估高雄市現行都市與非都市計畫區中,考量文化機構、圖書館等迎毗設施,或加油站、鐵塔、變電所、殯葬設施、垃圾或汙水處理廠等鄰避設施的影響下,都市型開放空間與農地的效益,進而推算在國土計畫架構下,高雄市六大發展分區內開放空間之總價值差異。 評估結果顯示,當都市型開放空間周邊有迎毗或鄰避設施,將使得鄰近開放空間的價值相較於未考量相關設施時更小,表示忽略都市型開放空間周邊的迎毗或鄰避設施將高估都市型開放空間的價值。而忽略農地周邊的迎毗設施將高估農地的價值,反之,忽略農地周邊的鄰避設施將低估農地的價值。 在開放空間總價值方面,考量周邊之迎毗或鄰避設施後,高雄市六大發展分區中的主要都市地區及主要農業耕種地區的開放空間總價值較未考量時低,其餘四個都市近郊發展分區內的開放空間總價值則較未考量時高,據此進一步計算開放空間的平均價值佔各分區房價比例發現,除主要農業耕種地區之開放空間造成房價約百分之2的損失外,開放空間之平均價值約佔各區房價的百分之3至14。故若為使市內開放空間的效益最大化,則建議迎毗或鄰避設施與都市型開放空間或農地組合並做整體規劃之相關政策規劃,僅於本文實證顯示為可加值開放空間效益之區位施行。
Urban open space and cropland are public open spaces that provide environmental, social, and economic sustainability. However, development pressure on open spaces normally leads to conflicts between proposed land uses and their corresponding benefits. Thus, to account for both sustainable development and national land planning, it is necessary to evaluate the benefits of urban open space and cropland space. The total value of urban open space and cropland space in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan are the spaces analyzed in this study. The comparison is made by the total value for each type of space surrounded by different types of “yes in my backyard” (YIMBY) facilities and of “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) facilities and that without. The YIMBY facilities include cultural institutions and libraries. As with NIMBY facilities composes gas stations, substations, funerary lands, landfills, and wastewater treatment plants. The hedonic price method with spatial dimensional techniques−−the spatial Durbin model (SDM)—is employed to capitalize the implicit value of different types of urban open space and cropland pace via the change of residential housing price. The results show that the total value of urban open space with accounting for the YIMBY and NIMBY facilities are less than that without. However, the total value of cropland space with the adjacency of YIMBY facilities is less than that without but greater than that surrounded by the NIMBY facilities. Since either urban open space or cropland space is commonly adjacent YIMBY or NIMBY facilities the results clearly demonstrate that without taking the impacts of these facilities into account the total value of these spaces will either be underestimated or overestimated. The newest development plan Kaohsiung City in has six different divisions and each with different types of YIMBY and NIMBY facilities. Among all six development division in Kaohsiung City, one division belongs to the rural area with more cropland space thus the total value of this division is less than that normally estimated without considering the YIMBY and NIMBY facilities. The total value of one division classified as the urban area with much more urban open space will be overestimated without including YIMBY and NIMBY facilities. All other four divisions categorized as the suburban area, the total value is underestimated without accounting for YIMBY and NIMBY facilities and the combination of urban open space and cropland space. The results further show that the existence of urban open space and cropland space with YIMBY and NIMBY facilities increases the average residential housing price by 3 percent to 14 percent in urban and suburban area. On the other hand, both spaces with similar facilities will decrease the average housing price by 2 percent in the rural area. Different types of YIMBY and/or NIMBY facilities are suggested to install in the area in which the total value of cropland space and urban open space can increase the most.
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