海外移民企業轉型與創新研究以在法國和義大利的溫州商人為例

海外移民創業和移民企業的轉型與創新是非常重要的研究課題，在法國和義大利的溫州商人是研究這一課題的具有代表性的群體。本文選擇的研究對象為在法國和義大利的溫州移民和他們所創辦的企業。混合嵌入理論是以目的地國社會、經濟和政治制度等因素，通過宏觀、中觀、微觀三個層面的架構對於海外移民創業整個過程的研究理論，來源國因素同時也是海外移民企業轉型和創新的重要影響因素，雙元創新是研究企業轉型和創新方向的重要理論。本文以在法國和義大利的溫州移民為對象，研究混合嵌入理論和來源國因素對於海外移民企業雙元性創新的影響。本文通過公開的資料收集，篩選出了64家企業，對他們總計150次轉型與創新的過程進行了分析，并選擇了兩位具有代表性的溫商企業家進行了訪談，通過歸納、整理、驗證等方式得出了結論。本文最終的結論認為，微觀層面來看，資源嵌入和關係嵌入程度越深，移民企業會選擇以轉戰其他行業和改變經營模式的方法進行探索型創新。而文化嵌入則剛好相反，文化嵌入程度越深，移民企業越會通過學習當地文化，提升產品設計，提高管理經驗等顯性知識的學習來完成開發型創新。中觀層面來講，市場嵌入越深，移民企業越青睞於選擇新的國家和地區市場，或者選擇更加賺錢的行業來完成探索型創新。宏觀層面來講，經濟嵌入、政治嵌入、法規嵌入等程度越深，移民企業家越難通過開發型創新應對宏觀環境變化帶來的影響，只能被迫採用探索型創新的方式來應對。而來源國因素方面，移民企業家可以利用來源國經濟發展的成果和創造的機會，藉助自己在來源國和居住國雙方的優勢，通過探索型創新的方式來使得移民企業獲得更好的發展。

關鍵字

移民企業；溫州商人；混合嵌入理論；來源國因素；雙元創新

並列摘要

The transformation and innovation of immigrant businesses is always a very important research topic. Wenzhou businesspeople in France and Italy are representative groups for the study. So, the subjects selected in this paper are immigrants from Wenzhou locate in France and Italy now and the companies they founded. Through the framework of macro, meso and micro levels, the mixed embeddedness theory can study the whole process of immigrant businesses based on the social, economic and political systems of the residential country. The dual innovation theory is an important tool to study the transformation and innovation of business. And the origin country should also be regarded as an important factor. Thus, this paper focuses on the impact of mixed embeddedness theory and origin country factor on the business innovation of Wenzhou immigrant in France and Italy, through the perspective of duel innovation theory. After the open data collection, this paper screened out 64 companies, analyzed the process of their transformation and innovation for a total of 150, and selected two representative Wenzhou entrepreneurs to conduct interviews. A conclusion has been reached after induction, sorting, Verification and other methods The conclusion of this paper is that at the micro level, the deeper the resource embedding and relationship embedding, the more immigrant enterprises will prefer exploratory innovation such as changing the enterprise industry and changing the business model. Cultural embedding is just the opposite. The deeper the cultural embedding, the more immigrant enterprises will complete developmental innovation by applying explicit knowledge such as learning local culture, changing product design, and improving management experience. On the meso level, the deeper the market is embedded, the more immigrant companies prefer to choose new markets, or choose more profitable industries to complete exploratory innovation. At the macro level, the deeper the degree of economic embedding, political embedding, and embedding of laws, the more difficult it is for immigrant entrepreneurs to cope with the impact of macro-environmental change through developmental innovation, and they can only be forced to adopt exploratory innovation. In terms of the origin country factor, immigrant entrepreneurs can take advantage of the development results and opportunities from their origin countries, and use their own advantages in both the original and residential countries to provide their immigrant enterprises better development through exploratory innovation.