德語和漢語中蒙受結構的對比分析

On German Ethical Datives and Chinese Outer Affectives

陸可承(Betz, Lukas)

指導教授 ： 蔡維天

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/語言學研究所/碩士(2019年)

摘要

本論文從跨語言的角度去談德語和漢語中的一種特殊蒙受結構。 這種蒙受結構語法上主要的特徵有三個： 一來， 他只能出現於帶著指令念力(directive force)或感嘆念力(exclamatory force)的句子裡。 二來， 他具有言者取向的特徵。 三來， 他是具有非在言成分(not-at-issue)。 首先， 以之前分析過漢語、德語、希臘語和西班牙語中這種蒙受結構的研究為出發點， 作者提出德語裡的蒙受結構(ethical dative)與合併在左緣結構裡的念力中心語(force head)要建立對協(Agree)聯繫為了查核蒙受中心語所具有的念力特徵(force feature)。 此外， 本文討論指令念力與感嘆念力之間的關係。透過觀察所謂祈願句中既能為命令、又偏感嘆的語意，作者認為兩種念力的關係其實很緊密。 最後， 作者討論德語和漢語的蒙受結構在句法上的區別是否受到這兩種語言在類型上有所差異的影響。

關鍵字

德語 ； 漢語 ； 額外論元 ； 蒙受結構 ； 念力 ； 非在言 ； 祈願句

並列摘要

The following work discusses a special type of extra argumentality from a cross-linguistic perspective, viz. the ethical dative in German and the outer affective in Chinese. This affectee-construction is special in the sense that it is restricted to utterances that carry directive or exclamatory force, is strictly-speaker oriented, and presumably carries not-at-issue meaning, i.e. it is non-propositional. Based on insights from earlier analyses of Chinese, German, Greek and Spanish, it is proposed that the ethical dative in German enters into an Agree-relation with a higher located left-peripheral force head in order to get its unvalued force feature valued. Furthermore, the author argues for a deeper connection between directive and exclamatory utterances based on the observation that so-called optative sentences behave ambiguous between directive and exclamatory interpretations. Finally, a preliminary answer to the question of a possible correlation between the syntactic differences of the ethical dative and the outer affective and the typological differences of the respective languages that they occur in will be discussed.

並列關鍵字

German ； Chinese ； Extra argument ； Affectee-construction ； Illocutionary force ； Not-at-issue ； Optative sentence

參考文獻

Badan, Linda and Del Gobbo, Francesca. 2010. On the Syntax of Topic and Focus in Chinese. In Mapping the Left Periphery, ed. by Paola Beninca and Nicola Munaro. NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Baker, Mark C. 1988. Incorporation: A theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Bayer, Josef. 2012. From Modal Particle to Interrogative Marker: A Study of German denn. In Functional Heads, ed. by L. Bruge et al., 13-28. New York: Oxford University Press.

Borer, Hagit and Grodzinsky, Yosef. 1986. Syntactic Cliticization and Lexical Cliticization: The Case of Hebrew Dative Clitics. In The syntax of pronominal clitics, ed. by Hagit Borer, 175-217. New York: Academic Press.

Bosse, Solveig. 2011. The Syntax and Semantics of Applicative Arguments in German and English. Ph.D dissertation, University of Delaware.