自然義的道家氣化宇宙論：以《老子指歸》為例

A Natural Daoist Transformation of the Qi Cosmology:According to the Laozi Zhigui

謝金汎(Chin-Fan Hsieh)

指導教授 ： 蕭振邦

國立中央大學/文學院/哲學研究所/博士(2015年)

摘要

在思想史上，《老子指歸》（以下簡稱「《指歸》」）的「道」義與宇宙論，能上承先秦《老》、《莊》，下開魏晉玄學，為先秦《老》、《莊》到魏晉玄學之間的思想轉變，提供一種說明。嚴遵關心人的生活問題，但是在其「天人相應」的思路下，「道」是人安頓生活的方法。而人認識「道」的方法是「感應」，嚴遵從對萬物總體的觀察中體會出「一」，再依循《老子．第42章》「道生一」的宇宙論脈絡溯源推論出「道」。進而，根據「一」開展整套的宇宙論思想。嚴遵所談的人事思想，都是從「道」或「宇宙論」談起，因此，若要判定《指歸》在思想史上的定位與價值，最佳的根據就是《指歸》中的「道」義與宇宙論。所以本文探究的重點在《指歸》的「道」義與宇宙論，及其體驗「道」的方法：感應論。
本文試圖證成：《指歸》的氣化宇宙論是道家自然義的。因為嚴遵所談之宇宙生成過程中，有「氣」作用其間，所以他的宇宙論是「氣化」宇宙論。因為人「感應」的對象是「萬物之突現性」，亦即是人自身的突現性，所以他的感應思想是「自然的天人感應」形態，而非「神秘的天人感應」形態；他的「感應」義是「體驗」，而非「邏輯推論」。因為他不論是在宇宙論，還是在人事論，都經常強調要「反本」、「無為」與「自然」，所以他的宇宙論與人事論都是道家形態。故可證：嚴遵的宇宙論是：以「自然」義的體驗方式所開展的「道家」「氣化」宇宙論，可簡稱為「自然義的道家氣化宇宙論」。
嚴遵這樣的宇宙論，主要上承《老子》、《莊子》與《淮南子》，他的「道體虛無」 思想又下開王弼以「無」釋「道」的思想，他的「萬物自生」 講法又影響郭象。所以《指歸》實可為先秦《老》、《莊》與魏晉玄學之間的銜接問題提供一種思考方向。又因為：《指歸》思想不只承先啟後，同時又具有特定的漢代思想特徵，所以實可作為先秦《老》、《莊》到魏晉玄學之間過渡時期的一種思想形態之例示。

關鍵字

老子指歸 ； 自然 ； 氣化宇宙論 ； 感應論 ； 以「無」釋「道」 ； 體驗論

並列摘要

In the history of thought, the discussions on the Dao and the cosmology in the Laozi Zhigui (The Essential Meaning of the Laozi, abbreviated hereafter as Zhigui) are inherited from the pre-Qin Laozi and Zhuangzi, and are transmitted to the Wei-Jin dark teaching, that is, they stand as a shift going from the thoughts of the former toward the letter. Yan Zun is concerned with human life, but in his teaching of the “inter-relation between heaven and humans” Dao is the method for pacifying human life. The method of knowing the Dao is the “response” (ganying). From the observation of the totality of things Yan Zun realizes the “one”, and then from the cosmology traced back in the statement that “Dao gives birth to one” (Laozi, Ch. 42) he infers the Dao. And then, from the “one”, he develops a system of cosmological thought. The discussion on human affairs by Yan Zun derives from the Dao or the cosmology; therefore, if we want to determine the position and value that the Zhigui has in the history of thought, the best approach is to consider in it the discussion on the Dao and the cosmology. Thus, the main investigation of this dissertation is the discussion of the Dao and the cosmology in the Zhigui, as well as the method of realization of the Dao, the response.
This dissertation tries to demonstrate that the transformation of the qi cosmology is based on the Daoist concept of naturalness (ziran). It is because Yan Zun discusses the function of the qi in the process of cosmological creation so that his cosmology is called the “transformation of the qi” (qihua) cosmology. And it is because the object of human “response” is the “emergence of the ten thousand things” as well as the human emergence itself so that his response theory is “natural heaven-and-human response” and not “mystical heaven-and-human response” theory. The meaning of the “response” is “firsthand experience” and not “logical inference”. Not only in his cosmology, but also in his theory of human affairs he emphasizes the “returning to the root” (fanben), “non-action” (wuwei) and naturalness (ziran); thus his cosmology and theory of human affairs are strictly Daoist. Therefore it can be shown that Yan Zun’s cosmology is a cosmology that uses the experiencing of the naturalness as a method to develop a Daoist transformation of the qi cosmology, which can by styled “a natural Daoist transformation of the qi cosmology”.
The cosmology that Yan Zun develops is inherited from the Laozi, the Zhuangzi and the Huainanzi. His teaching that the substance of the Dao is empty is transmitted to Wang Bi who claims that Dao is nothingness; his theory of self-creation of the ten thousand things also influenced Guo Xiang. Thus, Zhigui is a link between the pre-Qin Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Wei-Jin dark teaching, providing a direction of the line of thought. Moreover, the thought of Zhigui does not only continue from the past to the future, also it contains peculiar characteristic of the Han dynasty thought, so it can be considered as a true example of a kind of thought of a transitional period between the pre-Qin and Wei-Jin Daoist thoughts.

並列關鍵字

Laozi Zhigui ； naturalness ； transformation of the qi cosmology ； theory of response ； Dao as nothingness ； firsthand experience

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