低空氣汙染鄉村地區國小學童之呼吸器疾病缺勤率

Absenteeism Due to Respiratory Morbidity in Elementary Schools with Low Level Air Pollution

湯豐誠(Feng-Cheng Tang) ； 詹長權(Chang-Chuan Chan) ； 陳保中(Pau-Chung Chen) ； 鄒國英(Kuo-Inn Tsou Yau) ； 黃景祥(Jing-Shiang Hwang) ； 王榮德(Jung-Der Wang)

《中華公共衛生雜誌》 14卷2期 (1995/04) Pp. 201-211

https://doi.org/10.6288/CJPH1995-14-02-09

摘要

本研究之目標在建立麥寮地區未受空氣汙染時，國小學童呼吸器疾病週缺勤率之基本資料，並評估本研究方法之可行性。從民國81年8月我們選取六輕將興建之麥寮周遭地區的三所國小學童約2240名進行研究。其中男女學童約各佔一半。我們設計病假缺勤調查表，請校護、老師及各班班長對國小學童缺勤情形及缺勤原因逐週進行調查，並請當地的開業醫師協助以確立診斷。依性別予以分層，以該校學童為分母，罹患呼吸器疾病的學童為分子，得出疾病之週缺勤率；以普瓦松(Poisson)分佈作模式，並訂大於呼吸器疾病週缺勤率分佈中的95%之值為呼吸器疾病週缺勤率的上限，以便將來偵測呼吸器疾病是否爆發流行或大規模增加。結果發現，學童呼吸器疾病週缺勤率之平均數，中位數及標準差分別是大城國小學童0.60%（週^(-1)），0.60%（週^(-1)）及0.47%（週^(-1)）；麥寮國小學童0.72%（週^(-1)），0.48%（週^(-1)）及0.99%（週^(-1)）；台西國小學童0.54%（週^(-1)），0.40%（週^(-1)）及0.46%（週^(-1)）。三所國小都有一個呼吸器疾病發生之尖峰期，但發生之時間不同。以大城國小82年1月最先開始，麥寮國小82年4月最慢。學童呼吸器疾病之週缺勤率與地區及年級有關，和性別無關。由於本研究不須大量人力、財力且病假缺勤調查表之準確度高，我們推論以此方法可以作為學童呼吸器疾病監測。

關鍵字

學童 ； 缺勤 ； 呼吸器疾病 ； 空氣汙染

並列摘要

The objective of this study is to determine the baseline of weekly absenteeism rate due to respiratory morbidity among school children in Mailiau area where air pollution is relatively low. In total, we studied 2240 school children, of which there were approximately equal numbers of boys and girls in three elementary schools around Mailiau area: Dachen, Mailiau, Taicei. We designed a short questionnaire and trained the teachers, school nurses and student leaders to record the causes of absenteeism, and regularly performed quality control with 16 local physicians who regularly made diagnoses for these children. Poisson distribution was assumed and we performed regression analysis for the weekly respiratory morbidity rates. The results showed that the weekly average rates of respiratory morbidity, median and standard deviation were 0.60% (week^(-1)), 0.60% (week^(-1)) and 0.47% (week^(-1)); 0.72% (week^(-1)), 0.48% (week^(-1)) and 0.99% (week^(-1)); 0.54% (week^(-1)), 0.40% (week^(-1)) and 0.46 (week^(-1)) for Dachen, Mailiau, and Taicei elementary schools, respectively. A peak rate was noted during the observation period (August 1992 to July 1993) in 3 schools. Poisson regression analysis showed that the weekly absenteeism rate due to respiratory morbidity varied with location and age, while sex did not show any difference. We concluded that under present condition, air pollution does not seem to be a major risk factor in this area and monitoring the rate of absenteeism seems to be potentially useful for surveillance of school children's respiratory diseases caused by air pollution.

並列關鍵字

school children ； absenteeism ； respiratory morbidity ； air pollution