金門島的海防角色及轉變：1300-1937

The Changing Roles of Coastal Defense on Kinmen Island: 1300-1937

蔡慧敏(Tsai, Huei-Min) ； 李其霖(Lee, Chi-Lin)

《海洋文化學刊》 23期 (2017/12) Pp. 37-86

摘要

海洋乘載著島嶼及陸地間的流動；島嶼記載著波濤中奮鬥的人類歷史。金門島位於中國大陸東南福建沿海廈門灣外，雖是面積僅約134平方公里之小島，但不僅在近代史因1949年金門古寧頭戰役阻擋共軍跨越海峽，奠立中華民國政府播遷至臺灣的前線防衛基礎、及後冷戰時期之兩岸橋樑；早在明清時期已是重要的海防據點。本文從海洋史及關係地理學的視角，探討14世紀（西方大航海時代之前）至臺海現代戰爭之前（1300-1937），金門所扮演的海防角色及其轉變，以及對島嶼發展之影響。本文指出島嶼相對位置之轉變，影響歷朝各代對於海島經營的方式與定位：金門島由邊陲的海濱鄒魯、鹽政，轉變為海防重鎮、水師基地，防衛閩海地區、再轉為防衛臺海地區，皆因遠方勢力交戰或衝突之影響；而金門島於福建沿海諸島嶼及臺灣海域澎湖、臺灣本島之間的海防與往來之「群島關係」，於古籍與古地圖中都顯現其關鍵角色；島嶼居民於變動的世局中展現韌性，一方面在島上耕耘家園「海上仙洲」、建築防禦，另一方面至海外發展形成僑鄉網絡、協助鄉里。金門海洋史呈現的島嶼韌性與自我發展命運之掌握則影響至今。

關鍵字

金門 ； 海洋史 ； 海防 ； 關係地理學 ； 群島關係

並列摘要

The ocean connects islands and continents, islands record the history of struggles in the waves. Kinmen Island (or Quemoy) is located in the Xiamen Bay of southeastern Fujian coastal region. Although the land area is only about 134 square kilometers, Kinmen has been an important defense post not only in modern history (e.g.1949 Kunigtou Battle that stopped the Communist army crossed Taiwan Strait, the defense frontline of R.O.C. government in Taiwan, and the cross-strait bridge in post-Cold-War era), but also in ancient time as early as the Ming and Qing dynasties. From the perspective of relational geography in maritime history, this paper presents the island's roles of coastal defense and its influences on island development from the 14^(th) Century (1300s) when the region has not yet entered the era of the Western Exploration to 1937 when the impacts of modern wars has not yet into the island. It reveals that the conflicts of 'distant powers' have impacted the relative position of the island and the ways of island development: from a remote refuge or paradise, the salt fields, transformed into the defense post and the naval base; from the defense of the Fujian Sea area then into the defense of the Taiwan Strait. In addition, on the ancient maps and archives in this study, we see the ＂archipelagic relationship＂ of Kinmen and its key role in connecting coastal region, Penghu and Taiwan. Furthermore, islanders showed resilience in the changing world: on the one hand, cultivated the island as ＂Paradise on the Sea＂ and built defense; on the other hand, emigrated and formed overseas network for supporting island homes. The distant powers and the robust island resilience with self-controlled destiny in this small island's nutshell maritime history are still influential to date.

並列關鍵字

Kinmen Island ； maritime history ； coastal defense ； relational geography ； archipelagic relations

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