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性別角色態度對臺灣老人居住安排的影響

The Impacts of Gender Role Attitude on Living Arrangement among Elderly in Taiwan

摘要


過去國內對於老人居住安排的討論,較少延伸至性別差異這個議題,本文試圖藉由性別角色態度與父系文化規範等角度,來觀察臺灣高齡者的居住安排情況與其性別差異。透過多項羅吉特模式的分析,實證結果顯示,僅納入社會及人口變數時,傾向「與擁屋子女同住」的老人特徵為年紀較大、教育程度較低、自評健康程度較佳,以及無偶的女性;而年紀較輕、外省籍,以及有偶的男性,則是以「提供家庭支持」的角色與子女共居,由此可知臺灣老人的居住安排有顯著的性別差異,並且比較適合以kin-keeping假設來解釋。若進一步將性別角色變數納入模式中,則發現男性老人的影響因素不變,但對於「內外分工與家庭優先」、「至少生一個男孩」等傳統觀念認同程度較高的女性,她們「與擁屋子女同住」的機率會提高,顯示性別角色態度對於女性老人的居住安排有顯著的影響。本文因此建議,儘管kin-keeping假設可適用於解釋臺灣的老人居住安排現況,使得無偶女性老人與子女共居的機會提高,但由於臺灣女性的性別角色態度逐漸趨向平等,在女性平均餘命較長的情況下,政府仍要關注經濟資源較差的女性老人。另一方面,人力資本條件較差的無偶男性,或許是最為弱勢的一群,也需要政府提供較多的社區照顧支持。

並列摘要


Gender differences in living arrangements of the elderly have received little attention in the literature. This study examines gender differences in living arrangements of the elderly, by taking gender role attitudes and patriarchal social norms into account, to illustrate the differences not only in propensities of coresidence with children among men and women, but also among those women with various gender role attitudes. Firstly, the result of a multinomial logit model shows that the elderly who tend to live with their homeowner children are females without a spouse, older, and healthier, and those with lower educational attainment. Meanwhile, the homeowning elderly who are Mainlanders, younger, and with a spouse have higher chances of living with their unmarried children than of living without children. This indicates gender differences exist among the elderly in terms of living arrangements in Taiwan. Secondly, adding gender role attitude variables to the model would improve the goodness of fit in terms of specifications of the model, and change the relationship between educational attainment and living arrangements among women. As there are significant associations between gender role attitude variables and elderly living arrangements among women, I suggest that the changing gender role attitudes of Taiwan's women should be taken into account when we assess the applicability of the kin-keeping hypothesis in Taiwan. The results of this study also suggest emerging needs for social support among the elderly who are widowed and economically disadvantaged.

參考文獻


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