美國從形式民主、國家民主到進步民主：論賀柏．克羅利的政治思想

From Formal Democracy, National Democracy to Progressive Democracy in the United States: On the Political Thought of Herbert Croly

韓保中(Bao-Chung Han)

《政治學報》 69期 (2020/06) Pp. 99-129

https://doi.org/10.6229/CPSR.202006_(69).0004

摘要

十九世紀末美國工業化與商業化快速發展，大企業托拉斯與政黨派閥結合，造成壟斷經濟、分贓政治、社會衝突與道德低落，人民希冀強大及積極國家處理相關問題。賀柏．克羅利是二十世紀初美國新自由主義思想家，1909年出版《美國生活的應許》提出新國家主義，主張「漢瀰爾頓式手段達成傑佛遜式目標」，1914年出版《進步的民主》成為美國進步主義代表。克羅利指出美國經歷形式民主、國家民主及進步民主階段，早期民主以人民直接參政為核心理念，制憲會議後走向形式法律民主，變成法律統治、精英壟斷、黨派支配及追求地方利益。十九世紀末起主張以國家民主建立強大與積極國家，讓人民能公平行使自由，認同對象從地方及黨派轉向國家。進步民主是二十世紀人民主權及參與民主的發展方向，包括培養公民素養及教育、形塑個人與社會良善關係、重建人民主權與直接參與途徑、建構新的政府關係與角色、發展工業民主與社會教育等。形式民主、國家民主及進步民主，代表美國民主的過去式、現在式與未來式，進步民主契合現今許多民主價值，體現二十世紀初美國新自由主義與進步主義的精神。

關鍵字

形式民主 ； 國家民主 ； 進步民主 ； 新國家主義

並列摘要

At the end of the 19th century, industrialization and commercialization advanced rapidly in the United States. However, the emergence of large corporate trusts and party factions created economic monopolies, spoils politics, social conflicts, and declining morality. People looked to a strong and active state. Herbert Croly was a new liberal thinker at the beginning of the 20th century. His 1909 book The Promise of American Life proposed a new nationalism centered on the idea of applying ＂Hamiltonian means＂ to achieve ＂Jeffersonian ends＂, Croly's subsequent 1914 book Progressive Democracy made him the leading scholar of American progressivism. Croly identified three distinct stages in the development of American democracy -formal democracy, national democracy, and progressive democracy. Primitive democracy was based on the direct participation of the people in politics. After the Constitutional Convention, popular democracy evolved into formal legal democracy-legal rule monopolized by elites pursuing local interests and dominated by parties, pursuing local interests. Faced with the disorder afflicting American society at the end of the 19th century, Croly advocated establishing a strong and active state through national democracy. This state would allow the people to freely exercise their freedom and rights, shifting their identity from their locality and political parties to the state. Progressive as the manifestation of popular sovereignty and democratic participation in the 20th century included developing civic literacy and education, shaping the good relations between individuals and society, rebuilding popular sovereignty and direct participation, constructing new relations between government and citizens, and developing industrial democracy and social education. Formal democracy, national democracy, and progressive democracy can be viewed as the past, present, and future forms of American democracy. Progressive democracy is also consistent with many contemporary democratic values and reflects the spirit and direction of American new liberalism and progressivism in the early 20th century.

並列關鍵字

Formal Democracy ； National Democracy ； New Nationalism ； Progressive Democracy

參考文獻

張福建，2010，〈權利條款入憲的爭議：梅迪遜 (James Madison) 、聯邦派與反聯邦派〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第34期，頁45-94。doi:10.6523/168451532010090034002

曾國祥，2004，〈憲政主義與民主的衝突：美國政治思想的一個側面〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，第11期，頁35-82。doi:10.6523/168451532004120011002

O’Leary, K. C., 1994. “Herbert Croly & Progressive Democracy.” Polity, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 533-552. doi:10.2307/3235094

West, T. G., 2004. “Free Speech in the American Founding and in Modern Liberalism.” Social Philosophy and Policy, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 310-384. doi:10.1017/S0265052504212110

Braeman, J., 1961. “Seven Progressives. A Review Article.” Business History Review, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 581-592. doi:10.2307/3111765