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醫療法第82條修法之法學意涵

The Legal Connotation of the Amendment to the Article 82 of Medical Care Act

摘要


2017年12月29日,《醫療法》第82條修正通過,修正意旨在於「過失責任判斷的明確化與合理化」。本文希望藉由一個德國實務曾發生的O型腿為例,說明新法的操作與適用,期能對未來司法實務的運用提供參考。違反必要注意義務,逾越合理臨床的裁量,不必然有刑法上的過失。注意義務的違反與臨床專業裁量與傷害結果之間的因果關係仍需進一步檢視。根據醫療法第82條,成立過失犯罪的條件必須是「違反必要注意義務」,且「逾越合理臨床專業裁量」,而法院仍須仔細斟酌刑法上的原則,對於醫療事故進行判斷,其中是否具有內在的關聯性,方能成立刑事之醫療過失。O型腿案,涉及「假設同意」概念的運用,這些都可以成為法院判斷醫療過失成立與否的啟示。

並列摘要


On December 29th, 2017, article 82 of Medical Care Act was amended, which intends to "clarify and rationalize the judgement of negligent liability." With a practical case about bow-leggedness occurred in Germany as an example, this article hopes to explain how to applicate the amendment, and expects to provide a reference for our future judicial practice. A medical negligence doesn't lead to a criminal negligence. The causality between the breach of medical due care, professional clinical discretion and injury as the consequence should also be considered. According to the article 82 of Medical Care Act, the conditions of the criminal medical negligence are a breach of medical due care and exceeding the reasonable exercise of professional clinical discretion. Furthermore, the court should examine the medical lawsuit, according to the principles of Criminal Law, whether there was an immanent coherence between the behavior and the injury to confirm a criminal negligence. The case of bow-leggedness relates to the application of the concept "hypothetical consent," which could be an inspiration for the court to determine whether a medical negligence is established or not.

參考文獻


BGH Urteil vom 25. 09. 1990 5 StR 342/90.
高等法院97醫上訴5:「行為人所應具有之注意程度,應依客觀標準認定之。此之客觀標準係指一個具有良知理性且小心謹慎之人,處於與行為人同一之具體情狀下所應保持的注意程度。就醫師言,應以「醫療成員之平均、通常具備之技術」為判斷標準。在我國實務操作上,以「醫療常規」名之…」。
最高法院106年度台上字第1048號判決:「一般具有相當知識經驗且勤勉負責之人,在相同情況下是否能預見並避免或防止損害結果之發生為準繩,乃科以抽象輕過失作為兼顧被害人權益保護與加害人行為自由之平衡點」,另參照,最高法院106年度台上字第1267號。
因此論者曾謂:雖「誤診」但仍屬「臨床合理判斷」的醫療行為,可能值得商議。參鄭逸哲,法令月刊,第63卷8期,2012年8月,頁20。因為既是誤診就不是合理臨床專業裁量。
這幾項具體標準是參酌衛生福利部醫療糾紛鑑定作業要點第十六條:「醫事鑑定小組委員會及初審醫師,對於鑑定案件,應就委託鑑定機關提供之相關卷證資料,基於醫學知識與醫療常規,並衡酌『當地醫療資源與醫療水準』,提供公正、客觀之意見,不得為虛偽之陳述或鑑定」規定,因人、事、時、地、物之不同,醫療專業裁量因病人而異,在醫學中心、區域醫院、地區醫院、一般診所,亦因設備而有差異;爰增訂第四項,作為醫事人員注意義務的判別標準,以均衡醫療水準提升及保障病人權益。

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