天台懺法的創新整合模式

本文聚焦智顗所制懺法，探討他對大乘懺悔行法如何拓展、深化，從而提升懺悔的修學價值。大乘懺悔實踐本來意在消解罪障，以利菩薩行深進，也易流於世俗利益追求。南北朝時期禮懺活動盛行，仍未見懺法與禪法的積極連結。智顗曾參學慧曠與慧思，獲致修懺的深層體驗，將懺悔與禪觀在方法上融合起來，成為甚具價值的創新實踐模式。天台懺法特色包括：昇華懺法為三昧行法；事懺為基導入實相理懺；統合多元方法以對治各類障礙；嚴設修學條件以達到最佳效驗；依據修懺體驗給出詳實指導。這種創新整合模式具備由淺入深的懺悔禪觀次第，頗能助益佛法實踐。

關鍵字

天台懺法；智顗；懺悔；禪觀

並列摘要

In this article, I will focus on explaining the repentance rituals according to Zhiyi (智顗), in order to broaden and deepen our knowledge of the tradition of the Mahāyāna practices in repentance, and to highlight the religious value of those practices. The fundamental purpose of Mahāyāna practices in repentance is to release or liberate ourselves from karmaeffects resulting from our 'wrong doings'; yet, it also implies a tendency for pursuing worldly benefits. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, practices of repentance had become popular, yet no case has been found where repentance ritual and meditation were combined in that period. When Zhiyi studied under Huiguang (慧曠)and Huisi(慧思), he experienced and achieved a deep understanding of the religious sense of practicing repentance. Later, he integrated the methods of practicing repentance and meditation to create an advanced model of Buddhist practice. The characteristics of Tiantai repentance rituals embrace the subsequent practices: (1) applying the repentance rituals to the methods of meditation, (2) proceeding to repentance in terms of true principle (理懺) from repentance based on rituals(事懺), (3) integrating a variety of methods to cope with different obstacles, (4) setting standards to engender the best result in practicing Buddhist cultivation, (5) presenting a detailed guidance based on personal religious experiences. This kind of creative integrationmodel is provided with the practice-scheme of a ”low to high order of repentance-meditation,” which has evidently enriched the long tradition of Buddhist cultivation.