人類動作控制理論之基本概念

The Basic Concepts of Control Theories in Human Movements

蔣懷孝(Huai-Hsiao Chiang) ； 賴世烱(Shih-Chiung Lai)

《臺灣運動心理學報》 15卷2期 (2015/11) Pp. 169-183

https://doi.org/10.6497/BSEPT2015.1502.09

摘要

本文探討1960年以來人類動作控制領域所運用的理論，並輔以相關文獻與結果來加以說明動作控制之機制。本研究主要探討幾個重要的動作控制理論，包括早期的反射理論（reflex theory）、神經科學的階層理論（hierarchy theory）、以及動力系統理論（dynamic system）。其中前二者更衍伸出動作程式理論，係指經由類化的動作程式而應用於較廣的動作範圍，並能就環境條件的改變下進行修正。多年來動作控制理論的發展，已從人類活動現象或動作表現層面的探討，衍生出數理或模組的概念，透過不同的控制變項及表現變項，發展出多種其他的動作控制理論，其中較重要的有平衡點假說（equilibrium point hypothesis）及協同作用（synergy function），藉由這些不同時空背景下所發展出來的動作控制理論，吾人得以更全面且較完整地釐清人體動作方面的複雜議題。本文就上述不同之理論進行概念上的說明與介紹，成果可對修習人類動作行為，尤其是動作控制相關學科之研究人員，提供基本控制理論之學理介紹與應用闡述。

關鍵字

動作程式 ； 動力系統 ； 平衡點假說 ； 協同作用

並列摘要

The review paper investigated the theories applied in human movement control since 1960, accompanied with the related literatures and results for the explanation of the motor control mechanisms. Several primary theories of motor control were discussed in the current study, including the reflex theory in early history, the hierarchy theory of neural science, the motor program theory, and the dynamic system theory. The idea of programming was that the general motor grogram had broader application in human movements, which could be adjusted under certain environmental conditions. With the theoretical development for decades, the discussion dimensions of human activities and movement performance were extending to the mathematic or model concepts. Among the relatively new theories based on various control variables and performance variables, the equilibrium point hypothesis and synergy function gained their influential status in the field of human movement. The complexity of human movement thus can be identified and understood with these motor control theories developed in various temporal-spatial research background. The theories were conceptually explained and introduced in the study. The motor control related researchers could benefit from the basic introduction of the motor control theories.

並列關鍵字

motor control ； motor program ； dynamic system ； equilibrium point hypothesis ； synergy function

參考文獻

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Lashley, K. S. (1917). The accuracy of movement in the absence of excitation from the moving organ. American Journal of Physiology, 43, 169-194.

Sherrington, C. (1947). The integrative action of the nervous system. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century.

Snoddy, G. S. (1926). Learning and stability. A psychophysiological analysis of a case of motor learning with clinical applications. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 10, 1-36