神義論的康德闡釋與康德的神義論

Kant's Interpretation of Theodicies and Kant's Theodicy

楊雲飛(Yun-Fei Yang)

《台灣神學論刊》 40期 (2015/06) Pp. 55-87

https://doi.org/10.29756/TJT.201506_(40).0004

摘要

康德關於神義論的著作較為稀少，相關研究也較為匱乏，這與康德神義論思想的重要性與新穎性，恰好形成鮮明的反差。本文的目標是闡明，康德不僅拓展了神義論的含義，而且其自身的神義論思想亦具有革命性。本文的主要工作，一是重構並評論康德對神義論的闡釋，二是闡明康德的神義論思想，其中前一項工作為後者提供了理論視域和框架。康德區分和闡釋了兩種形態的神義論，即認知的神義論和信仰的神義論。本文將首先重構和評論康德對認知的神義論之批判。通過分析各種可能的神義論論證，康德表明了從理論上闡明神的正義的嘗試都會失敗。就人並無理智直觀的能力、從而無力解釋自然與上帝之間的和諧一致而言，康德的評判應是成立的。其次，再將結合康德對聖經約伯記的分析，來闡釋信仰的神義論之含義。這種神義論的要點在於，即便面對極惡的考驗，人始終應當持守良知並保持向善之心。由此，神義論的中心問題，從如何在存在惡的情形下辯護神的正義，轉換為了義人如何借助信仰而經受惡。德福一致難題及其解決，是康德自身神義論的形態與內容。康德神義論的著眼點，在於強調人純粹的道德意向或純正的宗教信念之根本價值。康德的神義論具有綜合特性：其基本形態是信仰的神義論，但整合了認知的神義論的一些要素。康德實現了神義論的雙重轉換：一是設問的框架從認知到信仰，二是從追問神到追問人的責任。在康德哲學中，神義論問題轉變成了「人義論」：我們必須怎麼做，才能配得上神的正義，這也許可被視為神義論中的「哥白尼式的革命」。

關鍵字

康德 ； 認知的神義論 ； 信仰的神義論 ； 宗教信念 ； 人義論

並列摘要

Theodicy is traditionally defined as the defense of God's justice against the charge that God should be responsible for all kinds of evils in this world. Kant distinguished and interpreted two different types of theodicies: theodicy of cognition (doctrinal theodicy) and theodicy of belief (authentic theodicy). Kant identified the first type of theodicy with the traditional theodicy. By analyzing and criticizing all possible arguments for theodicy of cognition, Kant concluded that this type of theodicy would fail inevitably. As far as theodicy of belief is concerned, Kant explored its meaning by interpreting Job in the Bible. Kant maintained that the key point of this type of theodicy is how a righteous person faces sufferings and evils with moral integrity and sincere religious belief, instead of complaining against God. In his philosophy, Kant implicitly re-defined the core issue of theodicy as the harmony of virtue and happiness (the possibility of the highest good). To solve the antinomy of virtue and happiness, Kant introduced three famous postulates as the necessary conditions, namely, the freedom of will, the immortality of soul and the existence of God. In his project, Kant emphasized that (our belief of) God's existence constitutes the very pivotal condition. Thus, the most important element in Kant's theodicy is facing all kinds of evils by pure moral intention or religious belief and keep doing as much good as we can. The real problem of theodicy, in Kant's view, is to be a just person by acts from moral duties (as God's commands), rather than by understanding God's plan in a scientific sense. In such a way, theodicy is transformed by Kant's arguments into anthropodicy and this probably is the revolutionary significance of Kant's theodicy.

並列關鍵字

Kant ； theodicy of cognition ； theodicy of belief ； religious belief ； anthropodicy