以委託代理人模型探討空間文化資產：以金門為例

Explore the Spatial Cultural Heritage With Principal-agent Theory Model: Taking Kinmen(Quemoy) as Example

鄔廸嘉(Tichia Wu)

指導教授 ： 林建元

國立臺灣大學/工學院/建築與城鄉研究所/博士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2015.00781

摘要

由於獨特的地理環境和歷史背景，金門除了擁有豐富的傳統聚落歷史文化風貌，冷戰期間亦具有民主世界最接近共產主義政權前哨之一的地位，目前仍保有數量種類可觀的戰事遺跡。因此金門被文化部以「金門戰地文化」為主題，指定為「臺灣世界遺產潛力點」之一。由於過去台灣鮮少研究探討戰地文化資產的經濟學內涵，本研究以金門空間文化資產為案例，探討空間文化資產複合特性、產權型態及資源效率。
空間文化資產是一個包含眾多要素、由眾多屬性構成的集合體，具有原創性、系統性、不可分性、不可回復性以及不可替代性等特徵，並具有外部性，由於文化資產近似於環境財，為典型的公共財。本文以第二章簡介公共財、公共性及公共領域的特質。第三章則探討空間文化資產的財產權內容、結構及其特殊性，並由產權特性與型態屬性的變動與公共財的轉化，以證明產權未能釐清的公共財或共用資源並不必然將發生「共用地悲劇」。而本文認為透過非正式制度的設計與良好運作，可解決公共財具有共用資源的問題。
為了釐清空間文化資產產權關係，第四章以Buchanan T-C模型討論財產權探討競租以及政府的行為決策問題。在分析包括社會大眾、中央政府、地方政府以及資產經營企業等相關者之間的動態賽局過程之後，研究發現委託人必須設計有效的鼓勵機制，如中央政府應增加空間文化資產管理的專項轉移支付。地方政府提昇執行政策的處罰力度和管理效率，則對於控制管理機構之資產管理具有重要作用。由各參賽主體的信任合作，將顯示放棄短期利益並選擇長遠整體的利益最大化的程度。
第五章以金門空間文化資產為實際討論案例，進一步探討空間文化資產不同標的如何被社會認為具有不同的公共性格，而社會異質性如何影響公共領域的形成，並干擾公共資源保存與維護。由於空間文化資產產權的複合性，尤其是形塑金門空間文化資產涵構重要元素之軍事地景，其財產權除了土地所有權可能歸屬私有之外，軍事設施的景觀、文化權利歸屬，以及產權特性變動及整體價值仍尚待探討釐清。本文認為可藉由諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Ostrom的多中心治理理論，來試圖處理共有資源公共財以及異質性資源的課題，以避免產權太過細碎分化，產生「反共用地悲劇」的狀況。至於未來研究，則建議仍需投入對於公共領域形成的研究，以及財產權變動的分析，歷史空間文化資產治理組織的設計以及解釋力更佳的互動策略賽局模型。

關鍵字

空間文化資產 ； 公共財 ； 財產權 ； 賽局 ； 委託代理理論

並列摘要

Due to the unique geographical environment and historical background, there are not only abundant landscape of cultural heritage villages but also widespread Cold-War outpost monuments on the Kinmen(Quemoy) island this day. Therefore, this place has been designated as one of the potential world heritage sites of Taiwan by our Ministry of Culture with the theme “Kinmen Battlefield Culture” applied. Because of the economical research on such kinds of wartime heritages was almost absent in Taiwan, this thesis will focus on the investigation of the compound features, property right patterns, and resource efficiency among the spatial cultural heritages.
To be a compound composited with many elements, there are originality, systematic, inseparability, irreversible and irreplaceable features in the spatial cultural heritages. Because of its externality, the spatial cultural heritages are typical public goods which is just like the environmental goods. After the introduction to the characteristics of the public goods, publicity, and public domains in the chapter 2 of this thesis, the investigation on the content, structure and particularity in the property rights of the spatial cultural heritages became the first part of the chapter 3. With the following description about the variation of the characteristics of property rights and the transition of the public goods, we learn that the public goods or common pool resources (CPRs) with unclear property rights will not necessary cause the tragedy of the commons. In addition, the common resource problem of the public goods might be resolved through the well design and operation of the informal institutions.
In order to clarify the relations among the property rights of spatial cultural assets, the author survey the issues about the rent-seeking and government decision problems with the application of the Buchanan T-C model in the chapter 4. After a dynamic game theory discussion between the relevant public, central government, local government, and asset business manager, this research learnt that the agent need to design effective incentives. For examples, the central government should increase the amount of the special transfer payment to the spatial cultural heritages. The arising punishment and management efficiency policy implemented by the local government will play an important role to control the management ability of the asset business manager. The trust and cooperation of the players in this game will display the overall degree of short-term interests renunciation and long-term interests maximization.
To take the spatial cultural heritages of Kinmen as examples, there are further and actual case studies in the chapter 5. The topics of these discussion will including why the different types of the spatial cultural heritages are considered to have various public characters, and how the social heterogeneity affect the formation of the public domain and interfere with the preservation and maintenance of public resources. To considering the property right complex of the spatial cultural heritages, especially the wartime monuments which construct the cultural assets of Kinmen’s heritages landscape. There are many property right problems which are need to be clarified yet. In order to deal with these issues which related to the common pool resources and heterogeneous resources, this research quote the Polycentric Governance Theory by Ostrom, the Nobel Laureate in Economics, to avoid the tragedy of the anti-commons in such kinds of excessive finely differentiated property right situation. As for the future research, the author suggests the priority topics might be the formation analysis of the public sphere, the survey of transitions in property rights, the design on the management organization of the spatial cultural heritages, and an interaction strategy game model with better explanatory.

並列關鍵字

Spatial Cultural Heritage ； Public Good ； Property Right ； Game Theory ； Principal-agent Theory

參考文獻

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