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家庭暴力防治法與違反保護令罪之研究

Study of Domestic Violence Prevention Act and Crime of Violation of a Protection Order

指導教授 : 王皇玉
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摘要


家庭暴力防治法自民國88年施行以來,已超過15年。家暴法在實務上之適用,主要為核發民事保護令,以制止加害人為特定行為或要求接受處遇計畫之方式介入家庭領域,並於同法第61條規定違反保護令行為之相關刑責,藉以提升保護令的實際效用。然而國家以強制力介入家庭,對於違反保護令之行為人,以類似藐視法庭、侵害國家法益之非告訴乃論罪,不經被害人意願而起訴、審判,是否真的對家庭暴力的減緩或解決具有效益呢? 本文由此觀點出發,先以文獻回顧的方式簡述家庭暴力的定義、成因、制定家暴法的理由,兼及論述現行家暴法關於保護令之聲請、發放等程序、違反保護令罪的構成要件等。進而以統計分析實務判決之方法,回顧過去判決,了解到違反保護令罪雖為非告訴乃論罪,但於實務上判刑刑度低,多達77%以上的案例判決刑度在2個月以下(包含無自由刑、緩刑、或拘役天數不滿60天者),刑度超過6個月以上僅佔1%;且若被害人明顯無追訴意願,亦明顯降低判決刑度及提高獲判緩刑機率。本文認為,違反保護令罪所侵害的法益主要為個人生命、身體、自由、財產等個人法益,雖然亦包含國家司法權正當行使之國家法益,但主要保護法益仍為個人法益。 由於家庭暴力發生隱密、加害人與被害人身分關係緊密、及受虐婦女症候群等因素,家暴法規定保護令事件不得聲請和解或調解,並將違反保護令罪規定為非告訴乃論罪,意圖以國家強制介入的方法解決家庭暴力的重複發生。然而,家庭暴力的發生種類及形式多樣,國家不區分被害人的年齡、精神狀態等「是否具有決定追訴與否的能力」,而一律以非告訴乃論罪強制介入家庭間,其實是剝奪被害人依其意願自主決定之權力,對於已獲宥恕的加害人一律以刑事處罰相繩,亦破壞家庭重新修復的可能性。本文認為,違反保護另罪主要既係在保護被害人個人法益,被害人亦可能有積極不追訴的利益,故本罪原則上應為告訴乃論罪,僅在被害人為未成年人或雙方當事人權控關係失衡時,因被害人無自主決定是否追訴之能力,例外存在追訴犯罪之公共利益,而例外賦予檢察官職權,採取非告訴乃論罪。

並列摘要


The Domestic Violence Prevention Act has been effective since 1999 in Taiwan. The act intervenes in domestic sphere by demanding the offender to comply with the protecionorder, and enhance the effectiveness of the protection order by imprisonment, detention or fine. However, the prosecutor accuses the offender as contempt of court, and disregard whether the victim want to sue his/her family or not. The main purpose of this thesis is to query the rationality of compulsory prosecution in domestic violence case. Chapter 1 is about the research motives and methods. The definition and cause of domestic violence is presented in the second chapter. The legislative purposes and the element of crime of violation of a protection order are also written in chapter 3. In chapter 4, the statistics prove that if the victim doesn’t want to sue the offender, the term of imprisonment will be shortened and the probability of probation will rise significant. Because domestic violence usually occurs in private area, the relationship between the victim and the offender are close, and many victims suffer the battered woman syndrome, the crime of violation of a protection order in the Domestic Violence Prevention Act is compulsory prosecution. Nevertheless, the types of domestic violence are very complex, and the agency of each victim is different. No matter who you are, where socioeconomic status you located, as a victim, you has no choice but compulsory prosecution. This study consider that compulsory prosecution deprives victims’ right of “not to complaint” and reduce the possibility of fixing the relationship. Therefore, the conclusion of this thesis is the crime of violation of a protection order should no trial without complaint. Only some exceptions, such as the victim has no or is limited in capacity to make juridical acts, are compulsory prosecution.

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